Pharmacology Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the three primary types of body substances medications become distributed into?

  • Water, lipids, and protein (correct)
  • Blood, muscles, and organs
  • Fat, carbohydrates, and minerals
  • Gases, liquids, and solids

    • Medications are distributed only into water and fat after administration.

    False

    Name one of the three primary types of body substances into which medications are distributed.

    Water or lipids or protein

    Medications become distributed into ____ types of body substances following administration.

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their category:

    <p>Water = Body fluid Lipids = Fat substance Protein = Structural component Fat = Energy reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications are synthesized entirely in a laboratory setting?

    <p>Synthetic medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All semisynthetic medications are derived from synthetic chemicals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are semisynthetic medications derived from?

    <p>Chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medications made entirely in a laboratory setting are known as __________ medications.

    <p>synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of medications with their descriptions:

    <p>Synthetic = Made entirely in a laboratory setting Semisynthetic = Derived from natural sources and chemically modified Natural = Obtained directly from natural sources Laboratory = Setting where synthetic medications are created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence the amount of discomfort reported by patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotional factors do not impact the discomfort reported by patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one psychological factor that may influence a patient's discomfort.

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors such as psychological and cultural influences can affect the amount of __________ reported by patients.

    <p>discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur in the absence of a substance?

    <p>Adverse clinical effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors influencing patient discomfort with their descriptions:

    <p>Psychological = Relating to a person's mental state Cultural = Based on societal norms and values Emotional = Involving feelings and mood Situational = Related to the specific context or environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abrupt withdrawal from a substance can lead to life-threatening clinical changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of abrupt withdrawal from a substance?

    <p>Life-threatening clinical changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In severe cases, abrupt withdrawal from a substance can lead to __________ clinical changes.

    <p>life-threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following situations with their potential effects:

    <p>Absence of substance = Adverse clinical effects Abrupt withdrawal = Life-threatening changes Gradual cessation = Reduced risk of adverse effects Sustained usage = Stable health for some conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred formulation over SL tablets for administering medication?

    <p>Spray formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients cannot receive analgesic medications through lozenges.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method of administering medications sublingually, as mentioned in the content.

    <p>Lollipops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analgesic medications may also be given in the form of _____ using gums.

    <p>lozenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medication administration methods with their examples:

    <p>Sublingual = Lollipops Orally dissolving = Tablets Topical = Creams Inhalation = Nebulizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an abnormal tolerance to the effects of medications or chemicals due to repeated exposure?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habituation results in increased sensitivity to the therapeutic effects of a substance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does repeated exposure to certain medications or chemicals lead to in a patient?

    <p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repeated exposure leads to _____, an abnormal tolerance to the effects of a substance.

    <p>habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Habituation = An abnormal tolerance to a substance's effects Tolerance = The body's adaptation to a drug, requiring larger amounts for the same effect Addiction = A compulsive need for a substance despite harmful consequences Dependence = The physiological or psychological need to use a substance to function normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medication Administration

    • Medication administration is crucial in paramedic practice, correcting illnesses, treating life-threatening conditions, and reducing patient discomfort.
    • Incorrect medication, route, dosage, or technique can have severe and life-threatening consequences.
    • Medication and drug are often used interchangeably but have differing meanings. A medication is a substance used to treat illness; a drug is any substance that produces a physiologic effect, therapeutic or not.
    • Pharmacology, the study of how substances interact with living organisms, is important for paramedics.
    • Patients' medication histories should be collected during assessments.
    • Historical use of chemical remedies to treat disease, primarily from plants and animals, dates back centuries.

    Words of Wisdom

    • Medications and drugs are often used interchangeably.
    • Medication is a substance used to treat; drug is a generic term.
    • Pharmacology studies substances' interaction and effects on living organisms.
    • Medication history is critical for safe treatment.

    Historical Perspective on Medication Administration

    • Ancient societies used chemical remedies (plants, animals) to treat illnesses.
    • Formal study on medication effects began in the 17th and 18th centuries.
    • Pharmacology evolved into a large-scale industry.

    Medication and Drug Regulation

    • The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) aimed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling.
    • The Opium Exclusion Act (1909) prohibited opium import.
    • The Harrison Narcotics Act (1914) regulated opiates and cocaine.
    • The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) established the FDA for drug safety and approval.
    • The FDA approves new medications after years of testing and clinical trials and removes unsafe ones from the market.
    • Breakthrough treatments like COVID-19 vaccines may receive expedited approval.
    • Off-label medication use is common; still, a medical director's approval or regional protocol is necessary.

    Classification of Medications Considered Controlled Substances

    • The Controlled Substances Act (1970) categorizes medications based on potential for abuse.
    • Schedules are used to regulate security, dispensing, and record-keeping practices.

    Forms of Medication

    • Medications come in various forms, including capsules, powders, droplets, solutions, skin preparations, gels, ointments, suppositories, and liquids.
    • Specific considerations for administration are needed based on the medication's form.

    Medication Names

    • Medications have three names: chemical, generic, and brand name.
    • The chemical name reflects the medication's composition; the generic name is used more often. The brand name is assigned by the manufacturer.

    Medication Information

    • Medication information is compiled as a monograph or profile.
    • Profiles contain information like medication names, classification, indications, mechanisms of action, pregnancy risk factor, contraindications, available forms, and dosage for various patient populations. 

    Medication Effects

    • Onset: Time for medication to begin working.
    • Peak: Maximum effect time.
    • Duration: Length of time the medication has an effect.
    • Special populations: Pediatric and older adults may have altered medication absorption, metabolism, and elimination, requiring dosage adjustments.

    Medication Storage

    • Paramedics need to safely store medications and maintain their integrity to avoid adverse effects in patients.
    • Uncontrolled prehospital environments are challenging for medication storage.
    • Proper containers, secure storage, and temperature control are necessary.

    Medication Safety

    • It is important to avoid medication errors.
    • Always double-check medication labels during administration.
    • Verify patient identities.
    • Use appropriate reference sources.

    Medication Interactions

    • Medications can interact with each other, influencing the effects of one or both.

    Medication Administration Routes

    • Oral: Via mouth.
    • Intravenous (IV): Direct administration into the bloodstream.
    • Intramuscular (IM): Injection into muscle tissue.
    • Subcutaneous (SC): Injection into subcutaneous tissue.
    • Endotracheal: Administered directly through the endotracheal tube.
    • Nasal: Inhaled through the nose.
    • Dermal or transdermal: Absorbed through the skin.
    • Sublingual: Under the tongue.
    • Rectal: Administration into the rectum
    • Ophthalmic: Application in the eye

    Factors Influencing Medication Effects

    • Age:  Patients’ ages may affect medication metabolism resulting in differing responses
    • Body composition: Differences in body fat, water, and protein content impact medication distribution. 
    • Pregnancy: Pregnancy causes physiological changes that can alter medication metabolism.
    • Medications: Patients may be taking other medications that can affect the desired effects of another medication.
    • Health conditions: Pre-existing conditions (like kidney or liver issues) can alter metabolism and excretion.

    Special Populations

    • Patients with specific genetic disorders may have different reactions to medications.
    • Consideration of underlying conditions and genetic factors is crucial before administering medications.

    Medication Errors

    • Errors can occur in prescription, administration, patient identification, or during care transitions
    • Factors include wrong medication, dose, route, or timing.

    Types of Medication Responses

    • Medications in excessive doses may result in a harmful/undesirable or toxic effect
    • Certain medications may create tolerance or tachyphylaxis to the effects. 
    • Incompatibility between medications could decrease/alter the efficacy of one or more.
    • Certain types of hypersensitivity can create significant risks, such as anaphylaxis

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    Paramedic Medication Administration PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the distribution of medications and their classifications. This quiz covers key concepts related to body substances, types of medications, and factors influencing patient discomfort. Perfect for those studying pharmacology and medication administration.

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