Pharmacology Chapter 55 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT indicated for add-on maintenance therapy for asthma?

Mepolizumab (Nucala)

Omalizumab (Xolair)

Cromolyn (generic) (correct)

Benralizumab (Fasenra)

What therapeutic action do immune modulators perform in asthma treatment?

Only relieve symptoms of acute asthma attacks

Decrease inflammation by binding to specific receptors (correct)

Directly stimulate immune system overactivity

Increase bronchoconstriction to maximize airflow

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect associated with lung surfactants?

Cardiac arrest

Patent ductus arteriosus (correct)

Severe allergic reactions

Increased blood pressure

What is a primary concern regarding drug interactions when using immune modulators?

Interactions with corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lung surfactants in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

To replace missing surfactant in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about contraindications for immune modulators is correct?

They can cause hypersensitivity reactions. Signup and view all the answers

How are most immune modulators administered?

Subcutaneously Signup and view all the answers

Why are drug interactions important to check before administering medication for asthma?

They can lead to serious neuropsychiatric events. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of lung surfactants?

They immediately act upon instillation into the trachea. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is true regarding the pharmacokinetics of immune modulators?

They are absorbed slowly over several days. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily associated with the development of IgE antibodies?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is NOT a type of bronchodilator?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of adult respiratory distress syndrome?

Loss of lung compliance Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs directly influences the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract?

Xanthines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Theophylline?

Blood level levels over 20 mcg/mL Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the main therapeutic action of sympathomimetics?

Sympathetic nervous system mimicry Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with the use of xanthines?

Narrow therapeutic window Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about COPD?

It results from chronic exposure to irritants. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for the use of sympathomimetics?

To reverse bronchospasm in asthma attacks Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of xanthines?

Coronary disease Signup and view all the answers

Which agent is considered a sympathomimetic?

Albuterol Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from the loss of muscular and ciliary action in COPD patients?

Increased susceptibility to infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sympathomimetics on respiration?

They increase the rate and depth of respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What are common adverse effects related to theophylline levels exceeding 20 mcg/mL?

Seizures and coma Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary therapeutic action of anticholinergics in treating COPD?

Relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using inhaled steroids?

Active respiratory infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of long-term use of inhaled steroids?

Decreased bone mineral density Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT an anticholinergic medication for asthma treatment?

Budesonide Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect seen with leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Upper respiratory infection Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacokinetic property is common to most inhaled steroids?

Rapidly absorbed from the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Prophylaxis and treatment of asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anticholinergics is true?

They have fewer side effects for maintenance treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may be aggravated by the atropine-like effects of anticholinergic drugs?

Glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

What is a caution when prescribing leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Pregnancy and lactation Signup and view all the answers

What defines the therapeutic action of inhaled steroids in asthma management?

Decrease effectiveness of inflammatory cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the pharmacokinetics of most anticholinergic drugs used in COPD?

Primarily excreted unchanged in urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options represents the correct use of inhaled steroids?

Used for long-term management and prevention of asthma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pulmonary Obstructive Diseases

Asthma is linked to IgE antibodies reacting to specific antigens, causing airway swelling and narrowing.
COPD is typically due to chronic irritant exposure leading to airway inflammation and lost muscular actions.
Respiratory distress syndrome occurs in neonates due to alveolar obstruction from lack of surfactant.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome involves progressive lung compliance loss and hypoxia following severe bodily trauma.

Use of Lower Respiratory Tract Agents

Agents can provide symptomatic relief for respiratory conditions across various age groups.

Bronchodilators

Facilitate breathing by dilating airways, effectively treating bronchial asthma and COPD-related bronchospasm.
Categories include Xanthines, Sympathomimetics, and Anticholinergics.

Xanthines

Derived from natural sources, previously standard treatments for asthma; now less utilized due to safety concerns.
Include caffeine, aminophylline, and theophylline.
Therapeutic actions involve direct effects on respiratory smooth muscles and potential calcium mobilization.
Major contraindications and cautions: GI issues, coronary diseases, and liver dysfunction.
Adverse effects can arise over the therapeutic threshold (e.g., seizures, arrhythmias).

Sympathomimetics

Mimic sympathetic nervous system actions, dilating bronchi and enhancing respiratory rate.
Include albuterol, epinephrine, and formoterol.
Indicated for acute bronchospasm reversals and long-term COPD management.
Potential for life-threatening bronchospasm and drug interactions with anesthetics.

Anticholinergics

Slower acting than sympathomimetics, suitable for maintenance therapy with fewer side effects.
Drugs include ipratropium and tiotropium.
They block acetylcholine action, relaxing bronchi smooth muscle.
Local adverse effects and contraindications mainly relate to allergies.

Drugs Affecting Inflammation

Modify inflammatory processes leading to airway narrowing; includes inhaled steroids and mast cell stabilizers.

Inhaled Steroids

Primary treatment for inflammation in asthma.
Include beclomethasone and fluticasone.
Effective in reducing inflammation and promoting receptor activity.
Common adverse effects: sore throat, fungal infections; contraindicated for emergencies.

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

Designed for targeted asthma treatment, including zafirlukast and montelukast.
Block leukotriene receptors to mitigate asthma symptoms.
Not effective for acute asthma attacks; can cause upper respiratory infections and neuropsychiatric events.

Immune Modulators

Supplemental therapy for moderate to severe asthma.
Agents such as benralizumab and dupilumab reduce inflammation through receptor binding.

Mast Cell Stabilizer

Cromolyn is the only drug available; prevents release of inflammatory substances but is outdated.

Lung Surfactants

Compounds that reduce alveolar surface tension to facilitate gas exchange.
Used in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome; include beractant and calfactant.
Immediate action upon tracheal instillation; contraindications are minimal.
Adverse effects may include pulmonary complications like hypotension or sepsis.

Question Insights

Theophylline adverse effects are related to blood levels, leading to serious conditions like seizures and arrhythmias.
Lung surfactants have no significant contraindications due to their emergency-use status.

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Description

Test your knowledge on drugs acting on the lower respiratory tract in this chapter dedicated to pulmonary obstructive diseases. Focus on asthma and its mechanisms, including the role of IgE antibodies. Challenge yourself with questions that highlight key pharmacological concepts.