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Questions and Answers
Why is the combination of salbutamol and ipratropium used in acute asthma treatment beneficial?
Why is the combination of salbutamol and ipratropium used in acute asthma treatment beneficial?
- They increase potassium levels, preventing hyperkalemia.
- They work synergistically to cause bronchodilation, but can lead to hypokalemia. (correct)
- They prevent the methylation of adenosine receptors.
- They selectively cause peripheral vasoconstriction.
A patient with liver impairment requires theophylline. What adjustment to the standard theophylline dosage is most likely needed?
A patient with liver impairment requires theophylline. What adjustment to the standard theophylline dosage is most likely needed?
- Administer a loading dose to compensate for impaired absorption.
- Decrease the dose, as liver impairment can reduce theophylline clearance. (correct)
- Maintain the standard dose, as theophylline is not affected by liver function.
- Increase the dose, as liver impairment enhances theophylline's effects.
A patient is taking theophylline and begins treatment with cimetidine. How might this interaction affect the theophylline levels in the patient's body?
A patient is taking theophylline and begins treatment with cimetidine. How might this interaction affect the theophylline levels in the patient's body?
- Cimetidine will decrease theophylline levels.
- Cimetidine has no interaction with theophylline.
- Cimetidine may increase the effects of theophylline, potentially leading to toxicity. (correct)
- Cimetidine decreases the effects of theophylline.
Why is aminophylline administered with a loading dose, unlike theophylline?
Why is aminophylline administered with a loading dose, unlike theophylline?
Which of the following best explains why inhaled corticosteroids are preferred over oral corticosteroids in managing asthma for young patients?
Which of the following best explains why inhaled corticosteroids are preferred over oral corticosteroids in managing asthma for young patients?
Why is propranolol contraindicated in patients with asthma?
Why is propranolol contraindicated in patients with asthma?
Zileuton is prescribed for a 14-year-old patient with chronic asthma. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
Zileuton is prescribed for a 14-year-old patient with chronic asthma. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
Formoterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA). How does its onset of action compare to that of salbutamol, a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)?
Formoterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA). How does its onset of action compare to that of salbutamol, a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)?
A patient with both asthma and COPD is prescribed salmeterol. What is the primary goal of using salmeterol in this patient?
A patient with both asthma and COPD is prescribed salmeterol. What is the primary goal of using salmeterol in this patient?
A patient using salbutamol for asthma reports experiencing tremors. Which aspect of salbutamol usage is most likely contributing to this side effect?
A patient using salbutamol for asthma reports experiencing tremors. Which aspect of salbutamol usage is most likely contributing to this side effect?
Flashcards
Salbutamol and Ipratropium
Salbutamol and Ipratropium
Combination causes hypokalemia; used for acute asthma.
Terbutaline
Terbutaline
Acute asthma treatment, a β-2 agonist causing bronchodilation, not for prophylaxis.
Theophylline
Theophylline
Adenosine receptor antagonist; when methylated becomes caffeine.
Theophylline effects
Theophylline effects
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Loading dose
Loading dose
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Aminophylline
Aminophylline
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Asthma
Asthma
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Zafirlukast & Montelukast
Zafirlukast & Montelukast
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Cromolyn Na
Cromolyn Na
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Formoterol
Formoterol
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Study Notes
- For acute asthma, salbutamol and ipratropium are used in combination and can cause hypokalemia
- Albuterol (salbutamol) is more selective than isoproterenol (isoprenaline)
- Terbutaline is for acute asthma, not prophylaxis, and functions as a B-2 agonist for bronchodilation
- Alpha stimulation in asthma decreases mucus production
- Asthma causes bronchoconstriction and increased airway resistance
- St. John's Wort and hot air do not worsen asthma, while cold air, aspirin, NSAIDs, B-blockers, pilocarpine, royal jelly, and echinacea can trigger asthma
- Theophylline is an adenosine receptor antagonist and is methylated into caffeine
- Xanthines, like theophylline and caffeine, do not cause peripheral vasoconstriction
- Theophylline dosage needs adjustment in individuals with liver impairment
- The steady state of IV aminophylline depends on weight, dose, and clearance
- Erythromycin increases the effect of aminophylline
- Theophylline and ethylenediamine combine to form aminophylline
- Theophylline and aminophylline do not require dose adjustment in cases of renal failure
- Theophylline and aminophylline can cause hypercalcemia and hypokalemia
- Theophylline increases urinary excretion of magnesium and potassium, while inhibiting gastrointestinal absorption of iron
- Theophylline dosage depends on age, weight, and smoking habits
- Cimetidine, when taken with theophylline, may increase the effects of theophylline
- Aminophylline, upon air exposure, forms theophylline crystals
- Aminophylline requires a loading dose, but theophylline does not
- Aminophylline serves as an antidote for adenosine or dipyridamole toxicity
- In asthma, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels are low
- Inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting theophylline are used for chronic asthma in young patients, but oral corticosteroids are avoided due to growth retardation effects
- Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma ensure a higher concentration of the drug is directed to the lungs compared to oral administration and reduce bronchial airway inflammation and mucosal edema
- Propranolol is contraindicated in asthma, heart block, and bradycardia
- Zileuton is a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor used for prophylaxis and treatment of chronic asthma in patients 12 years and older
- Zafirlukast and montelukast are leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)
- Oral erythromycin decreases the absorption of oral zafirlukast
- Antileukotrienes block arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and its synthesis
- Long-term oral corticosteroids in children aged 10-12 years old can have adverse effects related to asthma
- Cromolyn Na (mast cell stabilizer) is used for prophylaxis in exercise-induced asthma
- Chromoglycate inhibits the release of mediators and induces bronchial relaxation
- Salbutamol can be administered as an IV bolus
- Formoterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA), while salbutamol is a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
- Formoterol (LABA) has a rapid action (1-3 minutes) and reaches peak effect within 15 minutes
- Salbutamol can be given to patients with COPD; salmeterol may be used to assist them
- 5-hydroxytryptophan is the amino acid used for asthma and COPD, inhibiting lung inflammation
- Tachycardia is a potential side effect of salbutamol inhalation
- Salbutamol dosage is 2-4 mg, 3-4 times daily and may cause dose-dependent tremors
- Salmeterol may cause lactic acidosis
- Tiotropium is an inhaled medication with a longer half-life (T½) than ipratropium
- Ipratropium contains a quaternary nitrogen atom
- A side effect of inhaled corticosteroids is oral candidiasis
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