Pharmacology Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is pharmacology?

Study or science of drugs

What is a drug?

Any chemical that affects the physiological processes of a living organism

What describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure?

Chemical Name

What is a generic name?

Name given to the drug and approved by Health Canada Signup and view all the answers

What is a trade name?

Name given to a drug product registered trademark Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmaceutics?

Study of how various dosage forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacokinetics?

Study of what the body does to the drug Signup and view all the answers

The four basic processes of pharmacokinetics are ____.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is absorption?

Process where drugs pass through some surface of the body into the circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is distribution in pharmacology?

Absorbed drugs are transported to areas for action, metabolism, and excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

Drugs are transformed by enzyme systems Signup and view all the answers

What is excretion?

The elimination of inactive or active drugs from the body, primarily through the urinary system Signup and view all the answers

What is bioavailability?

The extent of drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are some factors affecting absorption? (Select all that apply)

Dosage formulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the fastest to slowest drug absorption routes?

Liquids, elixirs, and syrups; Suspension solutions; Powders; Capsules; Tablets; Coated tablets; Enteric-coated tablets Signup and view all the answers

What are the enteral routes of drug administration?

GI tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the first pass effect?

Metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into the circulation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of drug routes with their characteristics:

Parenteral route = Includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous routes Topical route = Applied to the skin or mucous membranes Sublingual = Under the tongue Buccal = Cheek Signup and view all the answers

It is acceptable to apply heat or massage an injection site.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a transdermal application?

Drugs delivered through patches Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the blood-brain barrier?

Restricts the ability of substances to enter the brain or CNS Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ most responsible for metabolism?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ most responsible for excretion?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of a drug?

The time it takes for one-half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for most drugs to be effectively removed from the body?

About 5 half-lives Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by steady state?

State when the amount of drug removed is equal to the amount absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'onset' refer to in pharmacology?

The time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak level of a drug?

Highest blood level reached after administration Signup and view all the answers

What is regarded as an adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

An unexpected and undesirable reaction to a drug occurring at therapeutic dosages Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of therapeutic index?

The ratio between a drug's therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects Signup and view all the answers

What does tolerance mean in pharmacology?

A decreasing response to repeated drug doses Signup and view all the answers

What is dependence in terms of medication?

A physiological or psychological need for a drug Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology Overview

Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
A drug is any chemical that alters physiological processes in the body.

Drug Nomenclature

Chemical Name: Describes a drug's molecular structure.
Generic Name: Official name approved by Health Canada under regulations.
Trade Name: Registered trademark assigned by the manufacturer for a drug product.

Key Concepts in Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutics studies how dosage forms affect pharmacokinetics (drug movement in the body) and pharmacodynamics (drug effects on the body).
Drug absorption involves crossing bodily surfaces into circulation; factors affecting absorption include gastrointestinal (GI) tract status and drug form.

Pharmacokinetics Processes

Four basic processes: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Absorption: Drugs enter systemic circulation from administration site.
Distribution: Absorbed drugs are transported to action sites via blood and lymph.
Metabolism: Primarily occurs in the liver where drugs are converted to less active forms.
Excretion: Drugs are eliminated from the body, mostly through the kidneys.

Drug Absorption and Administration Routes

Bioavailability indicates the extent and rate of drug absorption.
Oral route undergoes the first-pass effect, where the liver metabolizes drugs before they reach systemic circulation.
Parenteral routes (IV, IM, SC) bypass the first-pass effect.
Topical and inhalation routes allow for gradual absorption and longer action duration.

Distribution Patterns

Rapid distribution to vital organs: heart, liver, kidneys, brain.
Slow distribution to muscle, skin, fat.
CNS drugs must be lipid-soluble or injected directly into cerebrospinal fluid due to the blood-brain barrier.

Drug Effects and Dynamics

Therapeutic effect is the desired positive change in a faulty physiological system.
Mechanisms of action include drug-receptor interactions and drug-enzyme interactions.
Affinity refers to how strongly a drug binds to its receptor.

Drug Interactions and Effects

Drug interactions alter the pharmacological effects and can be additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or show incompatibility.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can arise from predictable effects, hypersensitivity, and idiosyncratic responses.

Special Considerations

Teratogenic effects refer to drug-induced fetal abnormalities; pregnant women should avoid most drugs.
The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism while the kidneys are vital for drug excretion.

Dosage and Administration

Half-life is the time taken for half of the drug to be eliminated from the body, generally taking about five half-lives for full clearance.
Steady state occurs when drug elimination equals the dose administered.

Therapeutic Index and Tolerance

The therapeutic index measures the margin between effective and toxic drug doses.
Tolerance is the diminishing effect experienced with repeated doses.

Sources and Evidence in Pharmacology

Drugs can be derived from animals, plants, minerals, and lab synthesis.
Evidence-informed practice leads to better clinical outcomes through effective interventions.

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Description

This quiz covers key terms from Chapter 2 of Pharmacology. It includes definitions of pharmacology, drugs, chemical names, and generic names. Test your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental concepts in pharmacology.