Pharmacology Antibiotics Quiz

Bacteria that require oxygen to survive but are harmed by high concentrations of it.

Bacteria that can survive without oxygen but don't need it. They make energy through fermentation.

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

An enzyme that breaks down cytochrome c.

A gas produced by some bacteria during metabolism, often associated with fecal contamination.

A breakdown product of tryptophan, used for bacterial identification

Inflammation of the mammary gland, often caused by bacterial infections.

Mastitis that shows no visible signs, but can be detected through elevated somatic cell count and reduced milk production.

A bactericidal antibiotic that targets anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium and Fusobacterium. It also has antiparasitic activity against protozoa like Giardia and Trichomonas. Metronidazole is used to treat Pseudomembranous colitis, often associated with macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics. Available in oral, injectable, and topical forms.

A bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis. It is effective against various bacteria including Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Listeria, Haemophilus, and Brucellosis in horses. Refampicin is known for its hepatotoxicity and its activity in acidic intracellular environments. It also increases the metabolism of many other drugs, decreasing their effectiveness.

A combination of two drugs, Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides, acting together to inhibit folic acid synthesis. This mechanism targets bacteria like Bordetella and E. coli, resulting in bactericidal activity.

Bactericidal antibiotic that targets anaerobic bacteria. It is effective against Clostridium and Fusobacterium. Specifically targets anaerobic bacteria involved in bovine foot rot.

Bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis. It is effective against Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Listeria, Haemophilus, and Brucella in horses.

A group of antibiotics that target RNA synthesis. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Listeria, Haemophilus, and Brucella in horses.

A group of antibiotics that target bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for bacterial DNA replication. They are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Enterobacter, Salmonella, Brucella, Chlamydia, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, and Mycobacteria. Fourth generation fluoroquinolones like Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin are newer and often more potent variations.

A group of antibiotics that are specifically effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacter, Salmonella, Brucella, Chlamydia, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, and Mycobacteria.

A group of antibiotics that target a broad range of bacteria, including gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. They are effective against various bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.

Carbapenems are typically reserved for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, which have become resistant to other antibiotics.

Carbapenems have a suffix 'penem', such as Imipenem and Doripenem. They are often used to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

These antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by blocking the synthesis of their cell walls.

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors are often paired with beta-lactam antibiotics to boost their effectiveness. They enhance the action of beta-lactams by protecting them from being broken down by bacterial enzymes.

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors are often used to treat infections caused by bacteria that produce specific enzymes like beta-lactamase, which can break down penicillin-based antibiotics. Examples of bacteria include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli), Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium.

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors have common suffix 'bactam', such as Clavulanic acid and Sulbactam. They are most commonly given in combination with a beta-Lactam antibiotic.

Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic that primarily targets Gram-positive bacteria.

A type of brucellosis that is only found during the R colonial phase. It is a subset of Brucellosis.

A brucellosis infection that appears during the second part of gestation, if caused by Brucella abortus.

A diagnostic method for Brucellosis that involves staining the bacteria with a special dye. It helps to identify the presence of Brucella in infected samples.

A specific staining technique used for detecting Brucella bacteria in samples. It relies on the bacteria's partial acid-fast property.

A culture method for growing and identifying Brucella bacteria in samples. It utilizes specialized media like Brucella agar, Modified Farrell’s Medium, and Serum Dextrose Agar at specific temperatures.

A method for directly identifying Brucella species based on specific proteins. It uses techniques like immunofluorescence and specific protein analysis.

A test used to detect the presence of antibodies against Brucella in the blood serum. It is an essential tool for diagnosing Brucellosis.

A serological test that measures antibody levels against Brucella in serum. A positive result usually indicates active infection.

A type of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. This type of mastitis often progresses into a chronic condition characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and sclerosis of the udder.

The number of somatic cells per milliliter of milk. This is used as an indicator of udder health and can be used to detect mastitis.

A clinical sign of mastitis characterized by a visible line separating healthy tissue from the infected area. It indicates the progression of the inflammation in the udder.

A type of mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly found in older cows and during early lactation. Known for its highly contagious nature.

Inflammation and damage to the duct epithelium, often leading to necrosis, erosion, and ulceration.

Increased presence of neutrophils in the subepithelial tissue, indicating a strong immune response to the infection.

Milk with abnormal components, including protein and other materials, due to infection and inflammation in the mammary gland.

Fluid therapy, often administered intravenously, to support the cow's body during a severe mastitis infection.

A type of antibiotics used to treat mastitis, often given intravenously at the start of treatment.

Removing part or all of the infected udder to control the spread of the infection. This is considered a last resort when other treatments fail.

The entry of Brucella abortus into the body through the skin, digestive tract, or mucosal membranes.

The ability of Brucella abortus to spread easily between animals and potentially to humans.

The intermittent presence of Brucella abortus in the bloodstream, often during the acute phase of infection.

The ability of Brucella abortus to survive and remain dormant within the body, especially in macrophages, liver, spleen, and udder lymph nodes.

The attraction of Brucella abortus to erythritol, a sugar produced by fetal tissues, which contributes to the bacteria's invasion of the pregnant uterus.

The shedding of Brucella abortus in milk, primarily by infected pregnant animals.

Inflammation of the uterus, often leading to abortion, in female animals.

The occurrence of abortions in pregnant animals, typically between the sixth and ninth month, as a result of Brucella abortus infection.

Inflammation of the testicles in male animals, leading to a decrease in sperm production and infertility.

Inflammation of the epididymis, a structure located next to the testicle, caused by Brucella abortus infection.

Inflammation of the joints, tendons, and bursae, leading to pain and lameness in animals infected with Brucella abortus.

The presence of vegetative endocarditis, a condition that affects the heart valves, in animals infected with Brucella abortus.

The presence of granulomas, small nodules of inflammatory tissue, in various organs like the reproductive tract, udder, lymph nodes, and joints, as a result of Brucella abortus infection.

The methods used to diagnose Brucellosis, including clinical observation, necropsy (post-mortem examination), and laboratory tests.

The methods used to prevent Brucellosis, including general hygiene measures, serological testing of animals, and vaccination.