INF DISEASE Final Version Exam PDF

INFECTIOUS DISEASE MV5 S1 ANTIBIOTICS....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 BACTERIA.......................................

INFECTIOUS DISEASE MV5 S1 ANTIBIOTICS....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 BACTERIA..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 MASTITIS........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 ABORTIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 MAIN DISEASES COMPLEXES........................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 BRUCELLOSIS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Brucellosis in CATTLE............................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Brucellosis in SR........................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Brucellosis in HORSES = Suppurative bursitis = Fistulous Withers / Poll Evil.......................................................................................................... 30 Brucellosis in DOGS.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 Contagious Ram Epididymitis = Ovine Brucellosis with Brucella ovis....................................................................................................................... 33 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS & LAWSONIA INFECTION..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Bovine genital campylobacteriosis = Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis............................................................................................................... 36 Ovine Campylobacteriosis = Ovine vibriosis..............................................................................................................................................................39 Porcine Proliferative Enteritis = Porcine proliferative enteritis, ileitis, intestinal adenomatosis, garden hose gut......................................................40 PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA/BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA.................................................................................................................................42 Atrophic Rhinitis......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 LISTERIOSIS...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Ovine Listeriosis = Circling disease, Silage sickness................................................................................................................................................ 47 Bovine Listeriosis....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 HISTOPHILUS & HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS.............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis = TME, Brainer, histophilosis, sleeper syndrome......................................................................................... 53 Glasser’s Disease = Porcine polyserositis, infectious polyarthritis............................................................................................................................ 56 TAYLORELLA INFECTIONS.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Contagious equine metritis........................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 COLIBACILLOSIS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Calf Colibacillosis = NCD: Neonatal calf diarrhea......................................................................................................................................................65 Piglets E. Coli Diarrhea..............................................................................................................................................................................................68 Edema disease.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Avian colibacillosis & Hjarre’s disease....................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Bovine coliform mastitis............................................................................................................................................................................................. 77 NECROBACILLOSIS......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Calf diphtheria............................................................................................................................................................................................................80 Bovine foot rot............................................................................................................................................................................................................82 Necrotic hepatitis of cattle & sheep = Liver Abscesses............................................................................................................................................. 84 Hepatic necrobacillosis in sheeps..............................................................................................................................................................................86 DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS INFECTION..................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Ovine foot rot............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTIONS...................................................................................................................................................................................91 Cattle contagious mastitis.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Gangrenous mastitis in sheep................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Exudative epidermitis in pigs = Greasy pig disease.................................................................................................................................................. 97 MORAXELLA INFECTIONS...............................................................................................................................................................................................99 Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis = IBK = Pinkeye in cattle................................................................................................................................ 99 STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS................................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis............................................................................................................................................................................103 Swine streptococcal infection...................................................................................................................................................................................105 Strangles..................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 Immune mediated complication of Strangles: Purpura Hemorrhagica..................................................................................................................... 111 Guttural pouch empyema.........................................................................................................................................................................................113 Streptococcosis in poultry........................................................................................................................................................................................ 114 LEPTOSPIROSIS..............................................................................................................................................................................................................116 Cattle Leptospirosis..................................................................................................................................................................................................117 Canine Leptospirosis............................................................................................................................................................................................... 120 Equine Leptospirosis................................................................................................................................................................................................122 1  ANTIBIOTICS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION DNA SYNTHESIS RNA INHIBITION OF INHIBITION OF CELL INHIBITORS SYNTHESIS FOLIC ACID WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS SYNTHESIS Anti-30s ribosomal Anti-50s ribosomal subunit subunit Tetracyclines​ Macrolides​ Fluoroquinolones​ Rifampicine Trimethoprim Beta Lactams (Penicillines, Aminoglycosides​ Amphenicol​ Metronidazole +Sulfonamides Cephalosporins, Lincosamides Carbapenems)​ Beta lactamase inhibitors​ Vancomycin​ Polymyxin​ Bacitracin A)​ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION 1)​ ANTI-30s ribosomal subunit 1)​ TETRACYCLINES -​ BACTERIOSTATIC -​ Target -​ Broad spectrum -​ Rickettsia -​ Anthrax -​ Brucellosis -​ Mycoplasma -​ Spirochetes - Lyme’s disease -​ Some eukaryotic parasites: amoeba, malaria, balantidiasis -​ Specificities -​ usually PO -​ HEPATOTOXIC -​ IMPAIRED GROWTH -​ Pseudomonas & proteus => INTRINSIC RESISTANCE -​ !! more and more ACQUIRED RESISTANCE: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter… -​ As abs by bone => can be used as BIOMARKER for detection consumption of VACCINE Baits -​ good ability to penetrate BIOFILM -​ Molecules: -cyclin -​ Tetracyclin -​ Porcine Proliferative Enteritis -​ Ovine Foot Rot -​ Streptococcosis in poultry -​ Oxytetracyclin -​ Atrophic Rhinitis -​ Severe Bovine Coliform Mastitis -​ Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary treatment -​ Calf diphtheria -​ Gangrenous mastitis -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ 2 inj 20mg/kg, IM / SC, 2-3d apart -​ Streptococcosis in poultry -​ Oxytetracyclin + Polymyxin B ointment -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ Doxycyclin -​ Act in intracellular acidic environment -​ Brucellosis in Horses -​ Atrophic Rhinitis 2)​ AMINOGLYCOSIDES 2  -​ BACTERICIDAL/BACTERIOSTATIC dep dose -​ Target -​ gram NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA + some FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC BACILLI -​ Pseudomonas -​ Acinetobacter -​ Enterobacter -​ Mycobacteria -​ Specificities -​ rq short contact time -​ ++ efficient against FAST MULTIPLYING BACT POP -​ can enter lipopolysaccharide cell wall of gram neg bact + active transportation through cell membrane -​ NOT ABS by gut => IM or IV if systemic action required -​ used PO for GUT DECONTAMINATION -​ !!! OTOTOXIC (vestibular + sensorial hearing loss) -​ NEPHROTOXIC -​ Molecules => -mycin (if derived Streptomyces genus); -micin (if derived Micromonospora) but !!! not specific suffix -​ Gentamicin -​ Ovine Listeriosis -​ Local treatment of Contagious Equine Metritis -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ Topical -​ Neomycin B, C, E -​ one of component of triple antibiotic ointment -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis as Triple Antibiotic ointment -​ Streptomycin -​ Brucellosis in Dogs -​ Campylobacteriosis in Cattle -​ 20mg/Kg 1/d -​ Leptospirosis in Cattle -​ Leptospirosis in Canines 2)​ Anti-50s ribosomal subunit 1)​ MACROLIDES -​ BACTERIOSTATIC -​ Target -​ GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA, some GRAM NEGATIVE -​ Beta hemolytic (i)​ Streptococcus (ii)​ Staphylococcus (iii)​ Enterococcus -​ Haemophilus -​ Bordetella -​ Legionella -​ Mycoplasma -​ Mycobacterium -​ Specificities -​ !!!! NOT USED FOR NON-RUMINANT HERBIVORES (horses, rabbit) => FATAL DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCE -​ PO, INJ, TOPICAL -​ can induce TORSADE DE POINTES -​ Molecules -​ Tylosine -​ Porcine Proliferative Enteritis -​ Atrophic Rhinitis -​ Necrotic hepatitis Ruminants -​ 10g/T feed -​ Moderate cases of Cattle Contagious Mastitis -​ Intramammary 3  -​ Severe cases of Cattle Contagious Mastitis -​ Tulathromycin -​ Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis -​ 2,5mg, SC, 2 doses 2-4w appart -​ WITHDRAWAL 22d meat+offal -​ Tilmicosin -​ Glasser’s Disease -​ Gangrenous mastitis -​ Erythromycin -​ Erythromycin -​ Azithromycin -​ Amphotericin B => ANTIFUNGAL 2)​ AMPHENICOLS -​ BACTERIOSTATIC -​ Target -​ Haemophilus -​ Bacterial meningitis & cerebral abscesses -​ Salmonella enterica sbsp typhi => !! resistances -​ Vibrio cholerae if resitant tetracyclin -​ Specificities -​ Very limited in VET MED -​ induce APLASTIC ANEMIA -​ Very good to cross BBB -​ Molecules -​ Florfenicol -​ Atrophic Rhinitis -​ Bovine Respiratory Disease complex -​ Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis -​ 20mg/kg, IM, repeated + 48h -​ 40mg/kg, IM, Once -​ WITHDRAWAL 30d meat+offal -​ Glasser’s Disease 3)​ LINCOSAMIDE -​ BACTERIOSTATIC -​ Target -​ AGAINST GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA -​ Staphylococcus aureus -​ Coagulase negative -​ Staphylococcus -​ Streptococcus -​ Specificities -​ very good to penetrate BONES -​ induce PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS ENTEROCOLITIS -​ Molecules -​ Lincomycin -​ Porcine Proliferative Enteritis -​ Atrophic Rhinitis -​ Clindamycin B)​ DNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS 1)​ FLUOROQUINOLONES -​ BACTERICIDAL -​ Target -​ 1st generation -​ Streptococcus -​ Mycoplasma -​ Aerobic gram POSITIVE -​ 2nd generation -​ similar gen 1 -​ Pseudomonas -​ 3rd generation 4  -​ similar gen 2 -​ Gram POSITIVE -​ 4th generation -​ similar gen 3 -​ ANAEROBIC BACTERIA -​ Specificities -​ Phototoxicity -​ Tendons disturbances / ruptures -​ ++ Poultry production -​ ++ genitourethral tract infections -​ good ability to penetrate BIOFILM -​ Molecules: -xacin -​ 1st generation -​ Nalidixic acid -​ 2nd generation -​ Ciprofloxacin => one of most used ATB worldwide -​ Norfloxacin -​ Enoxacin -​ Levofloxacin -​ 3rd generation -​ Gatifloxacin -​ Enrofloxacin: ONLY VET MED - BAYTRIL -​ Glasser’s Disease -​ Severe Bovine Coliform Mastitis -​ Boradella -​ Pasteurella -​ Haemophilus -​ Pseudomonas -​ Klebsiella -​ E. coli -​ Enterobacter -​ Salmonella -​ Brucella -​ Chlamydia -​ Staphylococcus -​ Mycoplasma -​ Mycobacteria -​ 4th generation -​ Moxifloxacin -​ Gemifloxacin 2)​ METRONIDAZOLE -​ BACTERICIDAL -​ Target -​ ANAEROBIC BACTERIA -​ Clostridium -​ Fusobacterium -​ Specificities -​ also antiparasitic -​ protozoa -​ Giardia -​ Trichomonas -​ used for ttt Pseudomembranous colitis => often asso Macrolides, lincosamides -​ PO, inj, topical -​ Molecules -​ Metronidazole -​ Bovine foot rot C)​ RNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS 5  1)​ RIFAMPICIN -​ BACTERICIDAL -​ Target -​ Staphylococcus -​ Mycobacterium -​ Legionella -​ Listeria -​ Haemophilius -​ Brucellosis in horses -​ Specificities -​ HEPATOTOXIC -​ has activity in ACIDIC INTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT -​ Increase metabolism of many drugs => reduce their efficacity -​ Molecules -​ Rifampicin -​ Brucellosis in Horses D)​ INHIBITION OF FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS 1)​ TRIMETHOPRIM + SULFONAMIDES -​ BACTERICIDAL -​ Target -​ Bordetella -​ E. coli -​ Haemophilus -​ Brucellosis -​ Listeria -​ Mycobacterium -​ Salmonella typhi -​ Shigella -​ Staphylococcus aureus -​ Streptococcus -​ Specificities -​ ++ effective early stage of acute infections, when ++ multiplication -​ not active against quiescent bacteria -​ Molecules -​ potentiated sulfonamides -​ Glasser’s Disease -​ Severe Bovine Coliform mastitis -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ 100mg/kg E)​ INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS 1)​ BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS -​ !!! RESISTANCE DUE BETA LACTAMASE => Asso with BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITORS -​ +++ ACTIVE GRAM POSITIVE -​ recent advances > Broad spectrum Beta lactam ATB, incl. some GRAM NEGATIVE 1)​ PENICILLINS -​ Target -​ Penicillin -​ GRAM POSITIVE -​ Streptococcus agalactiae -​ Cl. perfrigens -​ Aminopenicillin / Broad spectrum penicillins -​ GRAM POSITIVE -​ Wide range GRAM NEGATIVE -​ E. coli -​ Salmonella -​ Penicillinase-resistant penicillins -​ GRAM POSITIVE -​ Wide range GRAM NEGATIVE -​ E. coli -​ Salmonella -​ ++ STAPHYLOCOCCUS PENICILLINASE PRODUCING 6  -​ S. aureus -​ Antipseudomonal penicillins -​ GRAM POSITIVE -​ Wide range GRAM NEGATIVE -​ E. coli -​ Salmonella -​ ++ STAPHYLOCOCCUS PENICILLINASE PRODUCING -​ S. aureus -​ Pseudomonas aeruginosa -​ Specificities -​ IF ALLERGY => replaced CEPHALOSPORINS -​ Molecules -​ Penicillin -​ Penicillin G: IM, IV -​ Leptospirosis in Canines -​ 25 000 - 40 000 IU/kg -​ Penicillin V: PO -​ Procaine Penicillin B -​ Calf diphtheria -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ Subconjunctival administration -​ 300 000 - 600 000 IU -​ Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary treatment -​ 100 000 IU, 3x at 24h intervals -​ Strangles -​ 22 000 IU/kg, IM, 2xd -​ Ovine Foot Rot -​ Streptococcosis in poultry -​ Aminopenicillin / Broad spectrum penicillins -​ Ampicillin -​ Ovine Listeriosis -​ Glasser’s Disease -​ Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid -​ Severe cases of Cattle Contagious Mastitis -​ Gangrenous mastitis -​ Benzathine Cloxacillin -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ Topical, 2 doses 72h apart -​ Penicillinase-resistant penicillins -​ Methicillin -​ Antipseudomonal penicillins -​ Carbenicillin -​ Piperacillin 2)​ CEPHALOSPORINS -​ BACTERICIDAL -​ Target -​ 1st generation => reduced activity against GRAM POSITIVE compared penicillines -​ GRAM POSITIVE COCCI -​ Staphylococcus -​ Streptococcus -​ Some Enterobacteria (GRAM NEGATIVE) -​ E. coli -​ Klebsiella -​ 2nd generation -​ similar 1st generation -​ reduced action on gram positive -​ increased action on gram negative -​ Haemophilus -​ E. coli -​ Klebsiella 7  -​ Haemophilius -​ 3rd generation -​ increased action gram neg, decreased action gram + -​ COCCI -​ GRAM POSITIVE -​ Staphylococcus -​ Streptococcus -​ GRAM NEGATIVE -​ Nesseria -​ Moraxella -​ BACILLI -​ GRAM NEGATIVE -​ Some Enterobacteria -​ E. coli -​ Klebsiella -​ Salmonella -​ Shigella -​ Campylobacter -​ Vibrio cholerae -​ Pasteurella -​ Haemophilius -​ Bordetella -​ Legionella -​ Bartonella -​ Mannnhemia haemolytica -​ Histophillus somni -​ Fusobacterium necrophorum -​ 4th generation -​ equivalent activity gram positive & gram negative -​ smt Pseudomonas spp -​ Specificities -​ ++ 3rd & 4th generation -​ ++ intramammary treatment of GRAM NEGATIVE MASTITIS & SEVERE SYSTEMIC E.COLI MASTITIS -​ last intention treatment for BRD complex -​ Molecules: ceph- or -cef prefix -​ 1st generation -​ cephradine -​ 2nd generation -​ cefuroxime -​ 3rd generation -​ ceftiofur -​ Glasser’s Disease -​ Bovine Coliform Mastitis -​ Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary treatment -​ Bovine Foot Rot -​ 4th generation -​ cefquinome -​ Bovine Coliform Mastitis -​ Streptococcus agalactiae intramammary treatment 3)​ CARBAPENEMS -​ Target -​ broad spectrum gram NEGATIVE -​ E. coli -​ Klebsiella -​ Serratia -​ Pseudomonas -​ narrower spectrum gram POSITIVE -​ Methicillin sensitive staphylococcus -​ Streptococcus, incl. penicillin resistant strains -​ Specificities 8  -​ usually reserved for multidrug resistant strains -​ ! some E. coli => carbapenemases -​ Molecules:-penem suffix -​ Imipenem -​ Doripenem 2)​ BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS -​ POTENTIATE PENICILLINS -​ Target -​ Gram negative or positive bacteria producing BETA-LACTAMASE -​ Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus -​ Enterobacteriaceae -​ Klebsiella -​ Proteus -​ Salmonella -​ Shigella -​ E. coli -​ Haemophilus -​ Pseudomonas -​ Mycobacterium -​ Specificities -​ OFTEN ASSO WITH BETA LACTAM ATB => POTENTIATED BETA LACTAM ATB -​ Hypersensitivity reaction -​ Hemolytic anemia -​ Molecules: -bactam suffix -​ Clavulanic acid -​ Sulbactam 3)​ VANCOMYCIN -​ Target -​ Only GRAM POSITIVE -​ coagulase negative staphylococcus -​ S. aureus -​ Streptococcus -​ Enterococcus -​ Clostridium -​ Listeria monocytogenes -​ Specificities -​ Hypersensitivity reaction -​ Nephrotoxicity -​ Ototoxicity -​ Molecules -​ Vancomycin 4)​ POLYMYXINS -​ Target -​ Topical gram negative infections -​ ++ Pseudomonas -​ Carbapenemase producing Enterobactericeae -​ -​ Specificities -​ one of component of triple antibiotic ointment -​ ++ neurotoxic -​ ++ nephrotoxic -​ Molecules -​ Polymyxin B -​ not abs GI => used as GI disinfectant -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis as Triple Antibiotic ointment -​ Oxytetracyclin + Polymyxin B ointment -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis -​ Polymyxin E -​ Colistin -​ Avian Colibacillosis 5)​ BACITRACIN 9 -​ Target -​ Topical gram positive infections -​ Staphylococcus aureus -​ Streptococcus pyogenes -​ Specificities -​ one of component of triple antibiotic ointment -​ nephrotoxic -​ Molecules -​ Bacitracin -​ Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis as Triple Antibiotic ointment 10 11 12 BACTERIA Obligate aerobes -​ rq oxygen => cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. Obligate anaerobes -​ poisoned by oxygen -​ catalase - Facultative anaerobes -​ grow with or without oxygen => can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically -​ aerobic respiration generates more ATP than fermentation. Microaerophiles -​ need oxygen => cannot ferment or respire anaerobically -​ poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen Aerotolerant anaerobes -​ do not require oxygen => use fermentation to make ATP -​ not poisoned by oxygen. Catalase -​ Catalase + -​ most Obligate anaerobes + Facultative anaerobes -​ Catalase - -​ Obligate anaerobes Oxidase -​ Oxidase + -​ Aerobic bacteria: strict or not -​ Pseudomonadaceae family -​ Oxidase - -​ Anaerobic, aerobic, or facultative -​ Enterobacteriaceae family Hydrogen Sulfide -​ H2S + -​ bacteria of fecal origin ++ -​ Proteus spp., -​ Salmonella spp., -​ Staphylococcus saprophyticus, -​ Campylobacter spp., etc. -​ H2S - -​ Klebsiella pneumoniae, -​ Shigella spp., -​ Staphylococcus aureus, -​ E. coli, -​ Pseudomonas aeruginosa Indole -​ Indole + -​ Escherichia coli, -​ Pasteurella multocida -​ Indole - -​ Actinobacillus spp., -​ most Bacillus sp., -​ Bordetella sp., -​ Enterobacter sp., -​ most Haemophilus sp., -​ most Klebsiella sp., -​ Mannheimia haemolytica, -​ Pseudomonas sp., -​ Salmonella sp 13 MASTITIS -​ Classification -​ 1) Subclinical mastitis -​ no significant changes in udder & milk + no signs => hard to detect -​ increased SCC -​ decreased production -​ 2) Clinical mastitis -​ 1) Mild -​ change in milk color & consistency -​ 2) Moderate -​ + Mammary gland inflammation -​ redness -​ swelling -​ warmth -​ pain -​ 3) Severe -​ + Systemic signs -​ fever -​ loss appetite -​ reluctance to move -​ Etiology -​ 1) Physical trauma -​ 2) Pathogenic micro-organisms -​ 1) Environmental mastitis -​ 1) MPEC E. coli = Bovine coliform mastitis -​ ++ first 60d lactation -​ ++ old cows -​ usually low contagion btw milking -​ CLINICAL -​ 1) Peracute mastitis => endotoxemic shock -​ 2) Acute mastitis -​ in first 14h post inf -​ no milk change -​ visible systemic effects due ENDOTOXIN -​ anorexia -​ fever -​ then -​ swollen & warm udder -​ recumbency -​ yellow watery milk with flakes & clots -​ 3) Chronic mastitis -​ periodic ACUTE FLARE-UPS -​ LESIONS -​ marked edema -​ hemorrhage -​ Serous + clot fibrin or coag casein milk => possible duct obstruction -​ Prophylaxy -​ ENVIRACOR J-5 -​ COWS + HEIFERS -​ 5mL dose: -​ 1st dose 7m GESTATION -​ 2nd dose 8m GESTATION -​ 3rd dose in FIRST 2W POSTPARTUM 14 -​ 2) Infectious mastitis -​ 1) Mycoplasma spp -​ 2) Staphylococcus aureus = Cattle contagious mastitis & Gangrenous sheep mastitis -​ => !! can have intermittent shedding pattern -​ ++ first 3w dry period -​ ++ 1st month post partum -​ contagious -​ CLINICAL -​ 1) Acute Mastitis -​ 1) Severe acute mastitis -​ high fever >41°C -​ ++ INFL AFFECTED QUARTER(s) -​ SYSTEMIC SIGNS -​ inappetence -​ cyanotic mucosa -​ recumbency -​ severe depression -​ @+24h: UDDER -​ COLD -​ SHARP DEMARCATION LINE, BLUE BLACK PURPLR discoloration from healthy tissue -​ if recovery: slough affected quarter => CULLING -​ 2) Mild to moderate acute mastitis -​ similar other acute mastitis -​ clotted milk with altered physicochem properties -​ inflammation udder -​ 2) Chronic mastitis -​ as S. aureus inf = +++ hard to ttt => usually bcm CHRONIC with ++ FIBROSIS & SCLEROSIS UDDER -​ SCC > 300 000 - 500 000 cells / mL -​ limits -​ Swiss 350 000 cells / mL -​ EU 400 000 cells / mL -​ USA 500 000 cells / mL -​ LESIONS -​ MACRO -​ Affected part -​ variable discolouration -​ +++ swollen -​ cold -​ painfull -​ ++ ODOROUS SEROSANGUINEOUS EXSUDATION -​ DEMARCATION LINE -​ Surrounding living tissues -​ Inflammation signs -​ Redness -​ swelling -​ heat -​ pain -​ MICRO -​ Duct epithelium -​ Necrosis -​ erosion -​ ulceration -​ Subepithelium -​ ++ NEUTROPHIL INFILTRATION -​ Lumen alveoli -​ proteinaceous materia in lumen -​ dilated + congested BV 15  -​ TTT -​ 1) MILD CASES -​ INTRAMAMMARY ATB TUBES: 5-7d up total clear inf -​ 2) MODERATE CASES -​ INTRAMAMMARY ATB TUBES + SYSTEMIC ATB -​ TYLOSIN = macrolide ATB -​ + smt NSAIDS = flunixin meglumine -​ reduce pyrexia + endotoxemia -​ iv at start, then for 2-3d -​ + SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: IV ISOTONICS -​ 3) SEVERE MASTITIS -​ Choice atb -​ CLAVULANIC ACID POTENTIATED AMOXICILLIN -​ TYLOSIN -​ Tylmicosin -​ Oxytetracyclin -​ smt MASTECTOMY: once bcm cold + blue/black discoloration -​ 3) Streptococcus agalactiae = Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis -​ ++ old cattle -​ ++ early lactation -​ highly contagious -​ CLINICAL -​ 1) CLINICAL MASTITIS -​ early stage -​ HIGH BACTERIAL COUNT -​ then -​ Marked milk prod reduction + Milk clots -​ SCC increase -​ x10 up 100 times d+2 infection -​ return normal d+10 -​ Bacterial count reduced -​ ! sometimes, bacterial not detected @ culture in acute stage -​ => + asso with ACUTE SWELLING QUARTER -​ interalveolar tissue inflammation + milk stasis & distention alveoli -​ Febrile reaction => often mild + short lived = HARD TO DETECT -​ 2) SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS -​ increased SCC -​ no clinical signs -​ LESIONS -​ Macro -​ yellow nodules (0,2 to 0,5cm) in udder parenchyma -​ mammary lobular pattern -​ suppurative mastitis -​ Micro -​ inflammatory infiltrate -​ alveoli: NEUTROPHILS -​ interstitium: NEUTROPHILS, LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS, MACROPHAGES -​ discrete fibrosis -​ PROPHYLAXIS -​ No effective vaccine -​ 4) Leptospira spp -​ 1) Acute / subacute leptospirosis -​ severe: Agalactia with small quantities blood tinged milk -​ less severe with Hardjo: MILK DROP SYNDROME + no other signs 16 -​ Diag -​ 1) Clinical mastitis -​ 1) CLINICAL SIGNS -​ 2) SOMATIC CELL COUNT -​ normal healthy < 100,000 cells/mL -​ mastitis milk > 200,000 cells/mL -​ SCC: 20 000 000 cells /mL (S. aureus clinical mastitis) -​ 3) CULTURE: MILK -​ SPECIFIC MEDIA -​ => RQ REPETITION BCSE LOW NUMBER BACT -​ 4) CMT CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST -​ 5) PCR -​ 2) Subclinical MASTITIS: -​ 1) SCC -​ 2) id bacteria in milk -​ 3) altered milk conductivity -​ 4) measure of ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS (Inflammation > release cytokines:++ IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-alpha => release APP (C reactive prot, serum amyloid A, Complement factors, Coag factors, Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 1 antichymotrypsin) -​ 5) BACTERIOLOGY -​ SAMPLES BEFORE ATB or +7d post end TTT -​ MILK -​ MAMMARY LESION SWABS -​ UDDER SKIN SWABS -​ TEAT DUCT SWAB -​ MAMMARY TISSUE -​ 6) TBC = TOTAL BACTERIAL COUNT (nbr living bact / mL) -​ BACTOSAN (TBC) > 30 000 / mL : if high staphylococci : possible CHRONIC INFECTION or poor hygien -​ 7) CMT = california mastitis test -​ ALLOWS ESTIMATION SCC => if gel = + -​ TTT -​ 1) Prevention & control measures -​ adequate milking procedures -​ proper teat preparation pre milking -​ disinfect teats post milking = MAIN PRACTICE TO PREVENT -​ dry cow therapy; -​ btw lactating periods : ideal time to treat mastitis with single dose ATB (either whole dry herd or selective) -​ management of clinical mastitis in lactation; -​ Prompt TTT -​ monitoring mammary gland health indices; -​ CLINICAL surveillance -​ biosecurity and disposal of chronically infected cows; -​ MILK CULTURE before new INTRO in herd -​ Culling of CHRONIC CASES -​ maintaining a clean and comfortable environment; -​ maintenance of milking equipment; -​ use adequate & properly functioning milking equipment => avoid vacuum fluctuation -​ 2) Therapeutic -​ 1) E. coli -​ 1) Severe: -​ A) general ATB -​ TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFONAMIDES -​ OXYTETRACYCLINE -​ FLUOROQUINOLONES -​ CEFQUINOME -​ CEFTIOFUR -​ b) Supportive -​ IV FLUID + ELECTROLYTES or DEXTROSE TTT -​ CALCIUM: 500mL 23% calcium gluconate SLOW IV 17  -​ 2) Mild: local ATB -​ LOCAL INTRAMAMMARY CEPHALOSPORINS -​ 3) Toxin elim & neutra -​ OXYTOCIN: 20 IU IM + STRIP AFFECTED QUARTER HOURLY -​ 4) STEROIDS or NSAIDS: PAIN + INFLAMMATION CONTROL -​ FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE -​ CARPROFEN -​ KETOPROFEN -​ 2) S. aureus -​ reduced responsivity to antibiotic therapy -​ better: -​ anticipated dry therapy -​ culling chronic -​ 1) MILD CASES -​ INTRAMAMMARY ATB TUBES: 5-7d up total clear inf -​ 2) MODERATE CASES -​ INTRAMAMMARY ATB TUBES + SYSTEMIC ATB -​ TYLOSIN = macrolide ATB -​ + smt NSAIDS = flunixin meglumine -​ reduce pyrexia + endotoxemia -​ iv at start, then for 2-3d -​ + SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: IV ISOTONICS -​ 3) SEVERE MASTITIS -​ Choice atb -​ CLAVULANIC ACID POTENTIATED AMOXICILLIN -​ TYLOSIN -​ NSAIDS = flunixin meglumine -​ reduce pyrexia + endotoxemia -​ iv at start, then for 2-3d -​ + SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: IV ISOTONICS -​ smt MASTECTOMY: once bcm cold + blue/black discoloration -​ 3) S. agalactiae -​ blitz therapy with intramammary atb -​ +++ sensitive intramammary treatment -​ Penicillin: procaine penicillin B at 100 000 units in mammary infusion, 3x at 24h intervals -​ tetracyclines -​ erythromycin -​ cephalosporins -​ !! reduced sensitivity -​ gentamicin -​ neomycin -​ nitrofurazone -​ polymyxin B -​ 4) Leptospirosis -​ 1) Reduction of risk of infection -​ 3w QUARANTINE -​ limit access stagnant water -​ limit access rodents, wild fauna -​ 2) Strategic ATB ttt -​ Preventive treatment STREPTOMYCIN 25mg/kg: 2 injections, 10-14d appart -​ 3) Vaccination -​ 2 injections 4w apart + annual booster -​ prevent URINE SHEDDING post exposure -​ protect against MILK DROP + ABORTION -​ 1) Bovilis Leptavoid -H -​ from 1mo -​ L. interrogans serovar Hardjo -​ 2) HIPRABOVIS LEPTO: inactivated vaccine -​ L. interrogans serovars: Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Pomina, Wolffi 18 ABORTIONS 1)​ Brucellosis abortions => POST MIDTERM ABORTIONS a)​ Brucellosis in cattle -​ Brucella abortus biovar 1 +++ -​ other sp: -​ Brucella melitensis (no CLINICAL signs) -​ Brucella suis (similar B. abortus) -​ Brucella ovis -​ Brucella canis -​ Last trimester abortion : 6-9m -​ Smt permanent sterility -​ Foetus -​ Fibrinous pleuritis -​ Increased liver with subcapsular necrotic foci + capsular fibrin deposits -​ Membranes -​ Placenta retention -​ Thick, edematous, hyperemic membranes -​ Fibrinopurulent deposits -​ Hemorrhagic / necrotic placentitis -​ Hemorrhagic cotyledons b)​ Brucellosis in SR => Similar Cattle -​ Brucella melitensis biovar 1, 2, 3 -​ RARE Brucella abortus c)​ Evil Poll /Fistulous withers - Brucellosis in horses -​ Brucella abortus: Main -​ Brucella suis -​ RARE mid up late term abortions d)​ Brucellosis in Dogs -​ Brucella canis -​ Abortion 7-8w -​ Smt permanent sterility -​ Foetus -​ head edema -​ sc CT congestion -​ kidneys: petechiae, ecchymosis, hemorrhages e)​ Contagious swine epididymitis -​ Brucella ovis -​ Abortion 1-3m -​ Infertility -​ Foetus -​ congenital malformations -​ degenerative lesions -​ Liver: diffuse or focal necrosis -​ Membranes -​ Suppurative necrotizing placentitis 2)​ Campylobacter abortions => EARLY ABORTIONS a)​ Bovine genital campylobacteriosis -​ Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis -​ RESORBTION ( LAST TRIMESTER a)​ Ovine Listeriosis -​ Listeria monocytogenes -​ Abortion ++ last month gestation -​ Fetus: Septicemic signs -​ Liver: necrotic foci -​ Spleen: necrotic foci -​ Myocardium: necrotic foci -​ Serosanguinous fluid serous cavities -​ edema b)​ Bovine Listeriosis -​ Listeria monocytogenes -​ Abortion ++ last trimester gestation -​ Fetus: Septicemic signs -​ Liver: necrotic foci -​ Spleen: necrotic foci -​ Myocardium: necrotic foci -​ Serosanguinous fluid serous cavities -​ edema -​ Membranes -​ Placenta: cotyledon necrosis -​ Intercotyledonary suppurative necrosis 4)​ Taylorella abortions a)​ Contagious equine metritis -​ Taylorella equigenitalis -​ Non abortogenic -​ Temporary infertility -​ Foetus: normal parturition + can be carrier 5)​ Leptospira abortions a)​ Canine Leptospirosis b)​ Cattle Leptospirosis -​ CHRONIC LEPTOSPIROSIS -​ => more sporadic + MID to LATE TERMS -​ Abortions in incidental hosts => LATE TERM + “ABORTION STORMS” -​ Abortion + Stillbirth: often only manif -​ can be related to illness episode: -​ 6w earlier: POMONA -​ 12w earlier: HARDJO -​ Foetus -​ Fetal infection !! can be healthy at calving -​ Premature & weak calves -​ No specific lesions -​ Membranes -​ Placenta => no lesions 20 MAIN DISEASES COMPLEXES Porcine respiratory disease complex -​ Viral agents: -​ PRRSV (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) -​ Coronavirus -​ Swine Influenza virus -​ Circovirus (PCV2) -​ Pseudorabies virus = Aujeszky disease -​ Bacterial agents: -​ Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae -​ Haemophilus parasuis -​ Streptococcus suis -​ Mannheimia haemolytica -​ Pasteurella multocida -​ Bordetella bronchiseptica -​ Actinobacillus suis -​ Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Bovine respiratory disease complex -​ +++ Viral agents: -​ BRSV bovine respiratory syncytial virus, -​ PIV3 bovine parainfluenza virus 3 -​ BHV1 bovine herpesvirus 1 -​ BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus -​ bovine coronavirus -​ bovine adenovirus -​ Bacterial agents: -​ Mannhemia haemolytica -​ Pasteurella multocida -​ Histophilus somni -​ Mycoplasma bovis -​ Bibersteinia trehalosi Equine Vasculitis -​ Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis - Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection -​ Babesiosis:identified by blood smear WBC or serology -​ EIA: Equine infectious anemia: Coggins test (agar gel immunodiffusion) -​ EVA: Equine viral arteritis -​ Equine herpesvirus infection: Serologic testing or virus isolation -​ African horse sickness -​ Immune mediated thrombocytopenia: usually thrombopenic purpura Poultry systemic diseases -​ Viral agents -​ Infectious laryngotracheitis -​ Avian influenza -​ Newcastle diseases -​ Bacterial agents: -​ Staphylococcosis -​ Enterococcosis -​ Colibacilosis -​ Pasteurellosis -​ Erysipelas Immunosuppresive poultry diseases -​ Chicken infectious anemia virus -​ Infectious bursal disease virus, -​ reovirus -​ some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). -​ Mycotoxins -​ Stress: poor management practices 21  BRUCELLOSIS -​ Brucellaceae family > Genus Brucella -​ Gram NEGATIVE -​ rod / coccobacilli -​ NON MOTILE -​ NON SPORULATED -​ NON CAPSULATED -​ NO NATIVE PLASMIDS -​ FLAGELLA -​ STRICT AEROBIC -​ OIE LIST B -​ ZOONOTIC -​ OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN -​ !!!!!! CAN PASS TRHOUGHT INTACT SKIN !!!!!! -​ Species -​ Brucella abortus -​ Biovar 1 to 9 -​ CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS => ++++ biovar 1 -​ smt SR BRUCELLOSIS -​ HORSE BRUCELLOSIS -​ Brucella melitensis -​ SR BRUCELLOSIS => +++ Biovar 1, 2, 3 -​ smt CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS - assympto -​ Brucella suis -​ smt HORSE BRUCELLOSIS -​ smt CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS - similar B. abortus -​ Brucella canis -​ CANINE BRUCELLOSIS -​ smt CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS -​ Brucella ovis -​ agglutinate ONLY ANTIBRUCELLA R SERA -​ smt CATTLE BRUCELLOSIS -​ CONTAGIOUS RAM EPIDIDYMITIS -​ Non zoonotic -​ Resistance -​ +++ env if moist and/or organic -​ up 4m conta fluid: milk, urine, water, damp soil… -​ survive FREEZING + THAWING -​ Susceptibility -​ heat -​ sunlight -​ standard disinfectants -​ hypochlorite solutions -​ phenols -​ iodophors -​ pasteurization milk -​ Bioch -​ Oxidase + -​ Catalase + -​ Nitrate reductase + -​ Urease + -​ Surface ATG -​ A: +++ B. abortus -​ M: +++ B. Melitensis -​ R & Z: only in R colonial phase -​ CLINICAL -​ If ABOTOGENIC => SECOND PART GESTATION -​ Diagnostic -​ 1) Staining 22  -​ partial acid/fast -​ Special methods -​ KOSLOWSKI -​ KOSTER’S -​ STAMP -​ 2) Culture -​ Brucella agar -​ Modified Farrell’s Medium -​ Serum Dextrose Agar -​ 25-42°C -​ 3) Direct ID of pathogen -​ Immunofuorescence -​ +++ -​ ID BRUCELLA Sp thx -​ omp2 -​ bcsp31 -​ 4) SEROLOGY: -​ 1) STAT = serum tube agglutination -​ detection IgM or IgG -​ titer > 1:160 = + -​ 2) BBAT = buffered brucella ATG test -​ ROSE BENGAL AGGLUTINATION TEST -​ fast -​ qualitative (+/-) => require confirmatory diag by Complement Fix test (CFT) or ELISA -​ reduced efficacy in chronic cases or endemic areas -​ + = agglutination -​ limitations: -​ PROZONE PHENOMENON: if HIGH AMOUNT ATB => can appear negative -​ if chronic evolution => ATB can disappear up reappearance patho => negative -​ 3) COMPETITIVE ELISA -​ one of most common serologic methods -​ +: can control large quantities of sample (others only 1 by 1) -​ 4) BRUCELLIN SKIN TEST = BURNET’s INTRADERMAL TEST : RUMINANTS -​ screening unvaccinated herds -​ delayed hypersensitivity reaction -​ + : induration > 6mm in 24h -​ !!! ONLY FOR CHRONIC -​ 5) CFT -​ confirmatory test -​ + : >= 20 ICFTU/mL -​ 6) AGAR GEL IMMUNODIFUSION -​ 7) SPECIFIC TESTS -​ B. abortus -​ MILK RING TEST -​ cheap -​ surveillance dairy herd -​ POSITIVE = BLUE RING at surface + rest milk unstained -​ NEGATIVE = whole blood is blue -​ 3 consecutive tests on 3d -​ B. canis -​ BRUCEROCAN diag kit -​ B. ovis -​ BROVSET TEST = type of CFT 23  Brucellosis in CATTLE one of the most common contagious +communicable zoonotic disease in cattle: high rates morbidity + lifetime sterility => NOTIFIABLE DISEASE Cattle: abortion in the last trimester + possible permanent sterility + by reduced milk yield + high temperature + articular disorders Humans: undulant fever, general malaise, arthritis -​ ETIOLOGY -​ Alpha proteobacteria class > Rhizobiales order > Brucellaceae family > -​ Brucella abortus biovar 1 +++ -​ other sp: -​ Brucella melitensis (no CLINICAL signs) -​ Brucella suis (similar B. abortus) -​ Brucella ovis -​ Brucella canis -​ CHRONIC DISEASE + ABORTIONS -​ Tropism: REPRO TRACT + ARTICULAR DISORDERS -​ Resistance -​ SURVIVAL -​ survive FREEZING + THAWING -​ up 4m in conta fluid : MILK, URINE, WATER, DAMP SOIL -​ infectivity -​ 100d WINTER -​ 30d SUMMER -​ not free living in environment -​ SUSCEPTIBILITY -​ heat -​ sunlight -​ standard disinfectants -​ hypochlorite sol -​ phenols -​ iodophors -​ PASTEURIZATION of milk -​ EPIDEMIO -​ DISTRIB -​ WORLDWIDE excp where eradicated, eg: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Romania -​ MOST PREVALENT ZOONOSIS DISEASE OIE LIST B -​ present in Europ -​ Absent in Romania -​ importance: -​ ZOONOTIC -​ Economic losses -​ reduced milk prod due abortion -​ losses of calves -​ culling -​ reduced export possibilities -​ loss of lost labor -​ vet costs -​ corset of research + eradication programs -​ => up 18$/buffalo in India -​ Hosts/ Susceptible species -​ Cattle + Bison + Buffalo , ELKS, CAMELIDS -​ higher receptivity = PREGNANT COWS -​ pregnant uterus = TARGET of FIXATION + MULTIPLICATION -​ higher seroprevalence = OLDER ANIMALS -​ infection dep -​ age -​ physio cond -​ gender 24 -​ SOURCES -​ Cattle -​ FEMALE -​ HIGH CONCENTRATION IN PREGNANT UTERUS -​ ABORTED FOETUS (+++ LUNGS & RENNET) -​ FOETAL MEMBRANES + LIQUIDS -​ PLACENTA (LESIONED COTYLEDONS) -​ VAGINAL DISCHARGE (before abortion or premature birth) -​ LOCHIA POST PARTUM -​ MAMMARY GLAND + MILK -​ MALE -​ SEMINAL SECRETIONS -​ DOGS & CATS + Some WILD (++ RODENTs) -​ URINE -​ Contamination / TRANSMISSION -​ direct contact -​ with inf animals -​ with carriers -​ natural mating (male to female) -​ intact or lesioned skin -​ indirect contact -​ contact with infected discharges -​ contact with aborted materia (foetus, membranes) -​ contact with infected env: litter, manure, feed, manure… -​ !!! ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (male to female) -​ HUMANS -​ ingestion raw, underpasteurized milk or milk products -​ intact or lesioned skin -​ Entry route -​ skin, ++ limb extremities + udder -​ digestive tract => ingestion -​ mucosal membranes => conjunctiva + vaginal -​ Contagiosity -​ ++ contagious -​ enzoonotic -​ zoonotic potential (farmers, slaughterhouse workers, vets..) 25 -​ PATHOGENESIS -​ FEMALES -​ Entry -> regional LN : x° > Lymph > transported in BLOOD thx MACROPHAGES: INTERMITTENT BACTEREMIA > Liver + Spleen + Udder LN -> then end bacteremia but x° in organs rich MACROPHAGE MONONUCLEAR TISSUE: LATENT INF > either resolve @+7w or invade PREGNANT UTERUS due ERYTHRITOL CHEMOTAXIS prod foetal tissue (++ present from +5m gest) & INTERMITTENT SHEDDING in MILK > PLACENTITIS + foetus ABORTION -​ !! NO PERSISTENCE IN UDDER BEFORE PUBERTY -​ PERSISTENCE LIVER LN SPLEEN EVEN IF SERONEG IN CHRONIC CASES -​ MALES -​ +2-3w infection -> invasion TESTIS + ACCESSORY GLANDS => ACUTE or CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE + NECROTIC INFLAMMATION => INFECTION SPERM + INFERTILITY -​ BOTH MALES & FEMALES -​ affect JOINTS + TENDINOUS FASCIA + SEROUS BURSAE -​ CLINICAL -​ Incub: 10d up 8m -​ FEMALE REPRO TRACT DISORDERS -​ usually assympto -​ new outbreaks: -​ ABORTIONS btw 6th to 9th month + PLACENTAL RETENTION + ENDOMETRITIS -​ past abortion: Continuous / Intermittent vaginal DISCHARGE 1-2w -​ smt: no abortion but WEAK newborns (LOCHIA) -​ MALES REPRO TRACT DISORDERS -​ modif general condition -​ reduced libido -​ uni/bilateral scrotum swelling -​ inflammation seminal vesicles -​ evolution on 2 to 4w then improvement (BCM CHRONIC) -​ BOTH JOINT DISORDERS -​ ++ JOINTS -​ bursitis -​ tenosynovitis -​ arthritis -​ periarthritis -​ LESIONS -​ FEMALE -​ Hyperemia + Edema genital tract -​ Uterus: Catarrhal endometritis -​ Foetal membranes: THICK + EDEMATOUS + HYPEREMIA + Fibrinopurulent deposits, hemorrhagic/necrotic placentitis + hemorrhagic cotyledons -​ ABORTUS -​ fibrinous pleuritis -​ increased liver + subcapsular necrotic foci + capsular fibrin deposits -​ MALES -​ orchitis + periorchitis -​ epididymitis: large brucellosis granuloma or atrophy + sclerosis -​ large necrosis or large abscesses => open & form caverns -​ Articular LESIONS -​ bursitis -​ tenosynovitis -​ arthritis -​ periarthritis -​ spondylitis -​ Cardiac LESIONS -​ vegetative endocarditis -​ Granulomatous inflammatory LESIONS -​ Repro tract -​ Udder -​ LN & lymphoid tissue -​ Joints 26 -​ DIAGNOSIS -​ CLINICAL x necropsy x lab test -​ LAB TEST -​ 1) Detection bacteria/ agent -​ 1) Culture -​ low diag value (reduced quant bact) -​ only ACUTE STAGE -​ require SEVERAL TEST due TRANSIENT BACTEREMIA -​ Specific media -​ 2) IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: abortion samples -​ 3) PCR -​ 2) Detection Immune resp -​ 1) STAT = Serum Tube Agglutination -​ 2) ROSE BENGAL AGGLUTINATION TEST -​ 3) CFT -​ 4) COMPETITIVE ELISA -​ 5) MILK RING TEST -​ 6) BRUCELLIN SKIN TEST = BURNET’S INTRADERMAL TEST -​ DD -​ Trichomoniasis -​ Vibrisosis -​ Listeriosis: + neuro signs -​ Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis: + respi & digest symptoms -​ Mycoses & mycotoxins -​ PREVENTION -​ general measures if not endemic -​ hygiene -​ trade of animals : serologic testing -​ serologic surveillance with rose bengal test or CFT -​ endemic -​ vaccine: B. abortus strains 19 & RB51 vaccines -​ S19: calves 6-9m + annual booster -​ RB51: heifers 4-10m + booster 12-16m -​ humans: THERAPY ONLY, no VACCINE -​ TTT -​ no efficient therapy for cattle bse brucella in RES + macrophages: ATB can’t reach -​ CONTROL -​ SURVEILLANCE + ID positive animals (RBT + CFT, ring milk test) + confirm PCR => CULLING -​ shall involve all workers on chain (farmers, slaughterhouse, butcher, consumers, vets -​ education workers -​ basic security equipment -​ avoid consumption RAW dairy products -​ carcasses can be used in hum consumption IF COOKED -​ Eradication measures -​ ID + SEGREGATE & CULLED -​ test semen from reproductor males 27  Brucellosis in SR contagious and communicable zoonotic disease in SR with high rates of morbidity and lifetime sterility => NOTIFIABLE DISEASE SR: abortion in the last trimester + possible permanent sterility + reduced milk yield + high temp + articular disorders Humans: undulant fever, general malaise, arthritis -​ ETIOLOGY -​ Brucella melitensis biovar 1, 2, 3 + RARE Brucella abortus (if close contact positive CATTLE) -​ 2 types -​ CHRONIC + ASSYMPTO EVOL -​ CHARACT SIMILAR CATTLE -​ abortion + placenta retention + metritis -​ orchitis -​ bursitis -​ one most serious zoonosis in sheeps, ++ contagious & enzootic -​ EPIDEMIOLOGY -​ ++ Mediterranean disease -​ Susceptibility -​ sheeps & goats -​ lambs resistant during 1st m -​ Sources -​ infected animals shed -​ milk -​ urine -​ feces -​ fetal membranes + liquides + uterine discharge -​ Transmission -​ direct + indirect -​ intact or lesioned skin -​ mucosa -​ genital -​ GOAT ONLY -​ DIGESTIVE TRACT due grooming -​ PATHOGENESIS -​ SIMILAR CATTLE -​ brucella granuloma -​ CLINICAL -​ abortion 3-5th months -​ hemorrhagic discharge +5-7d post partum -​ ACUTE PHASE UNLIKE BOVINE POSSIBLE with neuro signs -​ some sheeps; acute/chronic bronchitis -​ LESIONS -​ brucella granuloma: SPLEEN, LIVER, UTERUS, TESTIS -​ testicle sclerosis, infertility -​ lobar pneumonia -​ increased LN -​ DIAG -​ 1) Identification of ATG -​ PCR -​ semen, foetus aborted, fetal membrane, affected organs -​ target same genes CATTLE -​ 2) Culture -​ fresh sample from aborted foetus -​ specific media -​ specific staining -​ 3) SEROLOGY -​ 1) STAT = Serum Tube Agglutination -​ 2) ROSE BENGAL AGGLUTINATION TEST -​ 3) COMPETITIVE ELISA -​ 4) BRUCELLIN SKIN TEST = BURNET’S INTRADERMAL TEST 28 -​ DD -​Leptospirosis (+neuro signs, hemorrhagic urine + liver & kidney failure) -​Campylobacteriosis -​Q fever -​Listeriosis = sillage disease in sheeps (+ neuro signs + digest signs) -​Salmonellosis -​ S. abortus ovis (+ digestive signs) -​ S. typhimurium in lambs (+ dysentery (hemorrhagic diarrhea)) -​ PREVENTION -​ ++ SURVEILLANCE (CFT, ROSE BENGAL TEST) -​ QUARANTINE MANDATORY for newly imported animals -​ SEROLOGIC SURVEILLANCE -​ all imported SR during quarantine by SERUM AGGLUT TEST -​ PROPHYLAXIS -​ immunization Rev1 = LIVE VACCINE, not reco during pregnancy -​ !!!! interfere with serology : no diff btw natural & vaccination immune resp -​ CONTROL -​ test & slaughter program -​ conta area: repeated disinfections + sanitary void 29  Brucellosis in HORSES = Suppurative bursitis = Fistulous Withers / Poll Evil rare equine pathology causing mainly suppurative bursitis: pus-filled inflammation of connective tissue over the shoulders or poll and occasionally abortion, infection of the sexual organs in stallions, and infertility -​ ETIOLOGY -​ Brucella abortus: Main -​ Brucella suis -​ EPIDEMIOHir -​ Susceptibility -​ very RARE IN HORSES -​ Entry route -​ lesion @ withers due unfitted saddle -​ digestive route -​ Sources -​ inf animals (acute, chronic, assympto) - horses but also CATTLE + SWINE -​ aborting animals -​ normal birthing animals: infected placenta -​ fistulization of SUPRASPINOUS BURSITIS = CHARACTERISTIC CLINICAL OUTCOME -​ intact or lesioned skin => RQ GLOVES -​ PATHOGENESIS -​ ingestion -> oral mucosa -> regional LN -> transient bacteremia -> REPRO TISSUES + MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM -​ CLINICAL -​ 1) ASYMPTOMATIC FORM -​ 2) CHRONIC FORM -​ Fistulous wither = septic supraspinous bursitis -​ Poll evil = septic supra atlantal bursitis -​ smt affect general condition -​ mid up late term abortion possible, RARE -​ LESIONS -​ fistulization of wither exudative inflammation -​ supra atlantal / supraspinous bursitis -​ joints + tendons affected -​ SC abscesses, metritis, osteitis, osteomyelitis -​ DIAGNOSIS -​ 1) AGAR GEL IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE -​ 2) STAT = Serum Tube Agglutination -​ 3) ROSE BENGAL AGGLUTINATION TEST -​ 4) CFT -​ PREVENTION -​ general non spe measures (avoid contact horses, cattle, swine, SR -​ avoid wither LESIONS -​ parasitic control: ONCHOCERCA spp -​ CONTROL -​ isolation positive -​ TREATMENT -​ TTT of high value horses, otherwise: culling -​ systemic ATB -​ ATB with activity in acidic intracellular environments: doxycycline, rifampicin -​ long term ttt -​ debridement + disinf + reconstructive procedures 30  Brucellosis in DOGS Inf + contagious disease: abortions females + epididymitis & testis atrophy & infertility males, zoonotic -​ ETIOLOGY -​ Brucella canis -​ EPIDEMIO -​ worldwide, ++ china, pakistan, mexico, uk -​ susceptibility -​ all dogs -​ Sources -​ inf animals (++ URINE) -​ aborted materia -​ Semen -​ Transmission -​ CLOSE CONTACT -​ MATING (male to females) -​ Dynamic -​ EPIZOOTIC for Brucella canis -​ SPORADIC + SUBCLI if other species -​ PATHOGENESIS -​ primary bacteremia + smt 2ndy & tertiary bacteremia dep bacterial load -​ target: -​ mononuclear phagocytic system + RES (LIVER, SPLEEN, LN) -​ STEROID DEPENDANT REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES (like ERYTHRON) -​ prostate, testis, epididymis, gravid uterus, placenta -​ usually CHRONIC EVOLUTION -​ CLINICAL -​ incub: 1-3w -​ Brucella abortus + suis + melitensis => ASSYMPTO or REDUCED CLINICAL -​ !! POSITIVE SEROLOGY -​ Female -​ Brucella canis => ABORTIGENIC ++ 7-8w gestation (post midterm, like OTHER SPECIES) -​ ENDOMETRITIS, can lead to STERILITY