Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Overview

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complex pathways involved in absorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By controlling the release rate of the drug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When quick action is required and oral medication is impractical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncharged form (B) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher pH decreases the proportion of uncharged forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater surface area due to microvilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces drug absorption by pumping drugs out of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption is decreased due to rapid movement through the GI tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effective concentration of the uncharged and charged forms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug absorption is favored from the intestine due to higher blood flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased drug absorption leading to lower effective doses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the bioavailability of the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug stability in the stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the drug's ability to enter the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper salt form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood flow to the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary structure and drug nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First-pass hepatic metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate and extent to which a drug reaches systemic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are poorly absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By comparing IV and oral administration plasma levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can significantly decrease the amount of active drug reaching systemic circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug should be lipophilic but also have some aqueous solubility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid first-pass metabolism by the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reflects the concentration of the drug over time in the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CLtotal = CLhepatic + CLrenal + CLpulmonary + CLother (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential exposure of the infant to medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CLgastrointestinal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic insufficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug half-life increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vd = Dose / C0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plotting the log of plasma drug concentration versus time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dermal excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making lipophilic drugs more polar for elimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the drug is administered in high doses, such as aspirin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A coating protecting the drug from stomach acid, releasing it in the intestine.

A release mechanism that allows the drug to be absorbed slowly over a longer period of time.

Drug administration via the GI tract (Mouth, Stomach, Intestines)

Drug administration under the tongue, bypassing stomach acid.

Drug administration between the cheek and gum, similar to sublingual.

Injection of drugs directly into the body, bypassing the GI tract.

Drugs poorly absorbed from the GI tract or unstable in stomach acid.

A process where drugs are metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

The rate and extent a drug enters systemic circulation after administration.

Comparing plasma levels after different routes of administration, especially IV vs. oral.

Decreases bioavailability by breaking down the drug before it reaches systemic circulation.

Hydrophilic drugs have difficulty crossing cell membranes, hindering absorption.

Extremely lipophilic drugs struggle to dissolve in body fluids, hindering absorption.

Optimal absorption requires a balance between lipophilicity and water solubility.

Drugs with high first-pass metabolism require higher doses to reach their target.

The process by which a drug leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitial fluid and tissues.

The rate of blood flow to different tissues varies, impacting drug distribution.

The ability of a drug to pass through the walls of capillaries depends on capillary structure and the drug's properties.

The extent to which a drug binds to plasma proteins affects its distribution.

The tendency of a drug to dissolve in fats or lipids influences its distribution.

The volume of a tissue affects the amount of drug that can accumulate in it.

The process where a weak base's uncharged form crosses a cell membrane's lipid layer.

The pH of the environment influences the absorption of drugs, since most drugs are either weak acids or weak bases. The uncharged form of a drug is more likely to cross cell membranes.

A weak acid releases a proton (H+), forming a charged anion. The uncharged protonated form (HA) can cross membranes, while the charged anion (A-) cannot.

A weak base can also release a proton. However, the protonated form is usually charged, and the uncharged base (B) can cross membranes.

The intestines have a greater blood flow than the stomach, leading to faster drug absorption from the intestines.

Due to its larger surface area and microvilli, the intestines allow for more efficient drug absorption compared to the stomach.

Delayed transport of a drug through the GI tract can decrease absorption. Diarrhea speeds up transport, reducing absorption.

P-glycoprotein is a protein that 'pumps' drugs out of cells. It is found in various tissues and can prevent drug absorption by transporting them back into the blood.

The process of eliminating a constant fraction of a drug from the body per unit of time. This means that the rate of elimination is proportional to the amount of drug present.

The volume of fluid that would be required to contain the total amount of drug in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma.

The amount of drug eliminated from the body per unit of time. It reflects the efficiency of drug elimination.

The process of converting a drug into a more water-soluble form to facilitate its elimination from the body.

A series of enzymatic reactions that transform a drug into a more polar metabolite, often by introducing or exposing functional groups.

A series of reactions that typically conjugate a drug or its phase I metabolite with a polar molecule, such as glucuronic acid, to increase water solubility.

The elimination of drugs through the kidneys, primarily by filtration and secretion.

Drugs need to be sufficiently water-soluble (polar) to be efficiently eliminated by the kidneys.

The total elimination rate of a drug from the body, representing the sum of clearances from all organs involved in drug metabolism and excretion.

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to reduce by half.

The process by which the body eliminates drugs through various routes, including the kidneys, liver, lungs, intestines, and breast milk.

The liver's role in drug elimination through metabolic processes and secretion into bile.

A situation where a patient's body processes and eliminates a drug more slowly than usual, potentially leading to increased drug accumulation and possible toxicity.

A situation where a patient's body metabolizes and eliminates a drug more quickly than usual, potentially requiring higher doses to maintain the desired drug level.

A condition where the body eliminates a drug at a slower rate, commonly due to impaired kidney or liver function.