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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of extraction techniques in pharmacognosy?
What is the primary purpose of extraction techniques in pharmacognosy?
- To create a pure form of the plant material
- To destroy the inactive components of the plant material
- To separate the medicinally active constituents from the inert components (correct)
- To alter the chemical structure of the active constituents
What is the term used to describe the products obtained from plants through extraction techniques?
What is the term used to describe the products obtained from plants through extraction techniques?
- Crude drugs
- Phytochemicals
- Pharmaceuticals
- Galenical (correct)
Which of the following methods of extraction involves soaking the plant material with a cold solvent?
Which of the following methods of extraction involves soaking the plant material with a cold solvent?
- Percolation
- Infusion
- Decoction
- Maceration (correct)
What is the principle of the Soxhlet apparatus method of extraction?
What is the principle of the Soxhlet apparatus method of extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a hot method of extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a hot method of extraction?
What is the primary purpose of using water in the solvent mixture during maceration?
What is the primary purpose of using water in the solvent mixture during maceration?
What is the significance of occasional agitation and staring during the maceration process?
What is the significance of occasional agitation and staring during the maceration process?
Why is chloroform used as a solvent in the extraction of volatile oils and terpenes?
Why is chloroform used as a solvent in the extraction of volatile oils and terpenes?
What is the primary difference between the maceration and percolation methods of extraction?
What is the primary difference between the maceration and percolation methods of extraction?
Why is the maceration process often repeated several times?
Why is the maceration process often repeated several times?
What is the purpose of allowing the plant material to macerate for 24 hours during the percolation process?
What is the purpose of allowing the plant material to macerate for 24 hours during the percolation process?
What is the primary advantage of using a Soxhlet apparatus compared to ordinary reflux?
What is the primary advantage of using a Soxhlet apparatus compared to ordinary reflux?
What is the purpose of the thimble in a Soxhlet apparatus?
What is the purpose of the thimble in a Soxhlet apparatus?
What is a common requirement for the Clevenger method and the reflux method?
What is a common requirement for the Clevenger method and the reflux method?
What is the role of the condenser in the Soxhlet apparatus and the Clevenger method?
What is the role of the condenser in the Soxhlet apparatus and the Clevenger method?
Why is filtration not required in the Soxhlet apparatus method?
Why is filtration not required in the Soxhlet apparatus method?
What is the main difference between the Soxhlet apparatus and the reflux method in terms of plant material placement?
What is the main difference between the Soxhlet apparatus and the reflux method in terms of plant material placement?
Which hot method involves extraction using boiled water in an infusion pot?
Which hot method involves extraction using boiled water in an infusion pot?
Which of the following plant parts is NOT suitable for extraction using the decoction method?
Which of the following plant parts is NOT suitable for extraction using the decoction method?
In which hot extraction method is the active constituent dissolved in a heated solvent after agitation?
In which hot extraction method is the active constituent dissolved in a heated solvent after agitation?
Which method involves allowing the volatile oil to evaporate with steam during extraction?
Which method involves allowing the volatile oil to evaporate with steam during extraction?
Which factor determines the choice of solvent in hot extraction methods?
Which factor determines the choice of solvent in hot extraction methods?
In the extraction procedure involving an
In the extraction procedure involving an
What is the purpose of using a Soxhlet apparatus?
What is the purpose of using a Soxhlet apparatus?
Which method involves actively boiling the solvent with a reflux condenser?
Which method involves actively boiling the solvent with a reflux condenser?
In continuous hot extraction method A, what is the primary purpose of the round bottom flask?
In continuous hot extraction method A, what is the primary purpose of the round bottom flask?
What distinguishes the Soxhlet method from the ordinary hot extraction method?
What distinguishes the Soxhlet method from the ordinary hot extraction method?
What is the key difference between the reflux method and the Soxhlet apparatus?
What is the key difference between the reflux method and the Soxhlet apparatus?
Which apparatus requires the use of a porous thimble during the extraction process?
Which apparatus requires the use of a porous thimble during the extraction process?
Flashcards
Purpose of extraction in pharmacognosy
Purpose of extraction in pharmacognosy
Separating medicinally active constituents from inert components in plants.
Products from plant extraction
Products from plant extraction
Galenicals
Maceration extraction
Maceration extraction
Soaking plant material in a cold solvent.
Soxhlet extraction principle
Soxhlet extraction principle
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Non-hot extraction method
Non-hot extraction method
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Water's role in maceration
Water's role in maceration
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Maceration agitation purpose
Maceration agitation purpose
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Chloroform use in extraction
Chloroform use in extraction
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Maceration vs. Percolation difference
Maceration vs. Percolation difference
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Repeating maceration purpose
Repeating maceration purpose
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Soxhlet apparatus advantage
Soxhlet apparatus advantage
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Soxhlet thimble role
Soxhlet thimble role
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Requirement for Clevenger/reflux
Requirement for Clevenger/reflux
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Soxhlet filtration need
Soxhlet filtration need
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Soxhlet vs. reflux placement
Soxhlet vs. reflux placement
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Decoction method
Decoction method
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Unsuitable decoction plant part
Unsuitable decoction plant part
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Digestion extraction method
Digestion extraction method
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Infusion method
Infusion method
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Solvent choice in hot extraction
Solvent choice in hot extraction
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Soxhlet apparatus purpose
Soxhlet apparatus purpose
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Reflux method
Reflux method
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Round bottom flask purpose (continuous hot)
Round bottom flask purpose (continuous hot)
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Soxhlet vs. ordinary hot extraction difference
Soxhlet vs. ordinary hot extraction difference
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Reflux vs. Soxhlet apparatus difference
Reflux vs. Soxhlet apparatus difference
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Apparatus requiring a porous thimble
Apparatus requiring a porous thimble
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Study Notes
Extraction and Separation Techniques
- Extraction involves separating the medicinally active constituent from the inactive component of plants or animal tissues using a solvent and a standard extraction procedure.
- The obtained products are relatively impure liquids, semisolid, or powders, intended for oral or external use, and are called Galenical.
Methods of Extraction
- Cold methods:
- Maceration: extracts active compounds with a cold solvent by soaking the plant material with the solvent.
- Percolation: extracts active compounds with a cold solvent using a percolator with a porous diaphragm at the bottom.
Hot Methods
- Infusion: extracts active compounds with boiled water using an infusion pot.
- Decoction: extracts active compounds with a continuously heated solvent, used for hard plant parts like barks, stems, and roots.
- Digestion: extracts active compounds with a gentle heated solvent, used where moderate temperature is required.
- Continuous hot extraction methods:
- Ordinary reflux condenser: extracts active compounds with a boiled solvent using a reflux condenser.
- Soxhlet apparatus: continuously extracts active compounds with a boiled solvent using a Soxhlet apparatus.
Solvents
- Depend on the active constituent (alkaloids, glycosides, etc.)
- Examples: alcohol, water, chloroform, and ether.
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