Pharmacognosy 1: Introduction to Medicinal Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the Pharmacognosy 1 course?

  • The study of herbal drug interactions with emphasis on the European market
  • The study of medicinal plants only in Egypt
  • The identification of only leaf and flower drugs
  • The study of cultivated and wild medicinal plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industry (correct)

    • What percentage of the total marks is allocated to the final written exam?

  • 30%
  • 20%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 25%

    • What is the part of the leaf directly attached to the stem?

  • Leaf apex
  • Petiole
  • Stipules
  • Leaf base (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe a leaf without stipules?

    <p>Exstipulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the total marks is allocated to the practical exam?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total percentage of the oral exam marks?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of marks allocated to the course?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many components are covered in the course content?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attachment of leaves to the stem or branches?

    <p>Leaf Insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leaf arrangement has three or more leaves arising from the node?

    <p>Whorled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the green, flattened part of the leaf used for photosynthesis?

    <p>Leaf Blade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for leaves that arise on the main stem?

    <p>Cauline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of leaves on the stem?

    <p>Phyllotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leaf has no stalk or petiole?

    <p>Sessile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for leaves that have stipules?

    <p>Stipulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leaf arrangement has two leaves arising from the node in opposite directions?

    <p>Opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leaves do not have stipules?

    <p>Exstipulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf base that continues for a distance along the stem?

    <p>Decurrent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf shape that is longer and slightly broader?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf margin with teeth pointed upwards?

    <p>Serrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a heart-shaped leaf?

    <p>Cordate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf with a smooth margin?

    <p>Entire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf shape that is more or less rectangular?

    <p>Oblong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf shape that is reverse of ovate?

    <p>Obovate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of palmate leaves?

    <p>They have leaflets attached at a single point and fan outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the touch of the leaf?

    <p>Texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound leaf has leaflets attached to the midrib?

    <p>Pinnately compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a compound leaf with a single leaflet at the anterior terminal end?

    <p>Imparipinnate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of membranous leaves?

    <p>They are very thin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of succulent leaves?

    <p>They are juicy and fleshy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation pattern is characterized by a network-like arrangement of veins?

    <p>Reticulate venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf apex that is broad angled and blunt?

    <p>Obtuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf that is divided into lobes with gaps between them?

    <p>Lobed leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf that has a long, tapering tail at the apex?

    <p>Acuminate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf that has a central stalk with lobes arranged along it?

    <p>Pinnate leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf that has a continuous blade without any projections or divisions?

    <p>Simple leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf apex that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge?

    <p>Truncate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leaf apex that is slightly notched?

    <p>Retuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aims of the Course

    • The course focuses on cultivated and wild medicinal plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and the food industry.
    • It deals with botanical drugs of leaves, flowers, barks, woods, and unorganized origin.

    Course Content

    • Leaves
    • Flowers
    • Barks
    • Woods
    • Unorganized drugs

    Assessments

    • Class work: 5 marks (5%)
    • Midterm exam: 10 marks (10%)
    • Practical exam: 25 marks (25%)
    • Final written exam: 50 marks (50%)
    • Oral exam: 10 marks (10%)
    • Total: 100 marks (100%)

    Parts of a Leaf

    • Leaf base: the part of the leaf directly attached to the stem
    • Stipules: appendages at the leaf base
    • Petiole: the part of the leaf between the blade and the base
    • Leaf blade or lamina: the green, flattened part of the leaf used for photosynthesis

    Types of Leaves

    • Simple leaves: consist of one continuous blade
    • Compound leaves: have a divided leaf blade called leaflets

    Leaf Insertion

    • Cauline: leaves arise on the main stem
    • Radical: leaves arise from a reduced stem

    Phyllotaxy

    • The disposition of leaves on the stem
    • Leaves are arranged on the stem in a definite manner characteristic for each species of plants

    Types of Phyllotaxy

    • Alternate: a single leaf arises from the node of a branch
    • Opposite: two leaves arise from the node in opposite directions
    • Decussate: opposite leaves at any one node are at right angles to those at the upper or lower node
    • Whorled: three or more leaves arising from the node

    Leaf Petiole

    • Petiolated: when a leaf stalk or petiole is present
    • Sessile: when the petiole is absent

    Leaf Base

    • Stipulate leaves: leaves with stipules
    • Exstipulate leaves: leaves without stipules
    • Stipules are small outgrowths that are typically leaf-like and present on the sides (one or both) of the base of a leafstalk

    Base of Lamina

    • Symmetric: the two halves of the lamina are identical
    • Asymmetric: the two halves of the lamina are not identical
    • Decurrent: when the base of a leaf continues for a distance along the stem

    Lamina Shapes

    • Linear: longer and slightly broader
    • Lanceolate: shaped like a lance
    • Oblong: more or less rectangular as in banana
    • Ovate: egg-shaped
    • Cordate: heart-shaped
    • Obovate: reverse of ovate
    • Obcordate: reverse of cordate
    • Rhomboid: kite-shaped

    Lamina Margin

    • Entire: when the margin is smooth
    • Serrate: margin with teeth pointed upwards
    • Dentate: margin toothed, the teeth are pointed outward
    • Crenate: margin toothed and the teeth are rounded
    • Lobed or incised: when the margin is so much dissected that it can no longer be described simply as toothed
    • Parted: with lobes cut ½ to ¾ the distance to the midrib

    Apex of the Lamina

    • Acute: when pointed and narrow
    • Acuminate: when the apex is drawn out into a long tapering tail
    • Obtuse: when the apex is broad angled and blunt
    • Rounded: the leaf apex is broadly rounded
    • Truncate: an apex that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge
    • Retuse: when the obtuse apex is slightly notched

    Venation

    • Reticulate venation: a network-like pattern of veins
    • Parallel Venation: the veins run parallel to one another

    Simple Leaves

    • Entire simple leaves have plain, rounded shapes without any projections
    • Lobed leaves have projections of the blade with gaps between them
    • Palmate leaves have lobes that radiate from a single point
    • Pinnate leaves have lobes that are arranged along a central stalk

    Compound Leaves

    • Have a divided leaf blade called leaflets
    • Types of compound leaves: palmately compound and pinnately compound

    Pinnately Compound Leaves

    • Paripinnate (even-pinnate): leaflets are borne in pairs along the rachis, ending with a pair of leaflets on either side
    • Imparipinnate (odd-pinnate): a single leaflet is present at the anterior terminal end of the rachis

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    Description

    This lecture introduces students to medicinal plants, focusing on cultivated and wild plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Emphasis is placed on Egyptian and other floras.

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