Pharmacognosy 1: Introduction to Medicinal Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the Pharmacognosy 1 course?

  • The study of herbal drug interactions with emphasis on the European market
  • The study of medicinal plants only in Egypt
  • The identification of only leaf and flower drugs
  • The study of cultivated and wild medicinal plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industry (correct)

What percentage of the total marks is allocated to the final written exam?

  • 30%
  • 20%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 25%

What is the part of the leaf directly attached to the stem?

  • Leaf apex
  • Petiole
  • Stipules
  • Leaf base (correct)

What is the term used to describe a leaf without stipules?

<p>Exstipulate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of the total marks is allocated to the practical exam?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total percentage of the oral exam marks?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of marks allocated to the course?

<p>100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many components are covered in the course content?

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attachment of leaves to the stem or branches?

<p>Leaf Insertion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leaf arrangement has three or more leaves arising from the node?

<p>Whorled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the green, flattened part of the leaf used for photosynthesis?

<p>Leaf Blade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for leaves that arise on the main stem?

<p>Cauline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of leaves on the stem?

<p>Phyllotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leaf has no stalk or petiole?

<p>Sessile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for leaves that have stipules?

<p>Stipulate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leaf arrangement has two leaves arising from the node in opposite directions?

<p>Opposite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaves do not have stipules?

<p>Exstipulate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf base that continues for a distance along the stem?

<p>Decurrent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf shape that is longer and slightly broader?

<p>Linear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf margin with teeth pointed upwards?

<p>Serrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a heart-shaped leaf?

<p>Cordate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf with a smooth margin?

<p>Entire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf shape that is more or less rectangular?

<p>Oblong (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf shape that is reverse of ovate?

<p>Obovate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of palmate leaves?

<p>They have leaflets attached at a single point and fan outward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the touch of the leaf?

<p>Texture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound leaf has leaflets attached to the midrib?

<p>Pinnately compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a compound leaf with a single leaflet at the anterior terminal end?

<p>Imparipinnate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of membranous leaves?

<p>They are very thin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of succulent leaves?

<p>They are juicy and fleshy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of venation pattern is characterized by a network-like arrangement of veins?

<p>Reticulate venation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf apex that is broad angled and blunt?

<p>Obtuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf that is divided into lobes with gaps between them?

<p>Lobed leaf (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf that has a long, tapering tail at the apex?

<p>Acuminate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf that has a central stalk with lobes arranged along it?

<p>Pinnate leaf (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf that has a continuous blade without any projections or divisions?

<p>Simple leaf (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf apex that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge?

<p>Truncate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a leaf apex that is slightly notched?

<p>Retuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leaf Base

The part of the leaf directly attached to the stem.

Stipules

Appendages at the leaf base.

Petiole

The part of the leaf between the blade and the base.

Leaf Blade (Lamina)

The green, flattened part of the leaf used for photosynthesis.

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Simple Leaves

Leaves that consist of one continuous blade.

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Compound Leaves

Leaves with a divided leaf blade called leaflets.

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Cauline Leaf Insertion

Leaves that arise on the main stem.

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Radical Leaf Insertion

Leaves that arise from a reduced stem.

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Phyllotaxy

The arrangement of leaves on a stem.

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Alternate Phyllotaxy

A single leaf arising from each node of a branch.

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Opposite Phyllotaxy

Two leaves arising from each node in opposite directions.

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Decussate Phyllotaxy

Opposite leaves at one node are at right angles to those at the next node.

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Whorled Phyllotaxy

Three or more leaves arising from the node.

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Petiolated Leaves

Leaves with a petiole (stalk).

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Sessile Leaves

Leaves without a petiole (stalk).

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Stipulate Leaves

Leaves with stipules.

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Exstipulate Leaves

Leaves without stipules.

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Symmetrical Base of Lamina

The two halves of the lamina (leaf blade) are identical.

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Asymmetrical Base of Lamina

The two halves of the lamina (leaf blade) are not identical.

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Decurrent Base of Lamina

When the base of a leaf continues for a distance along the stem.

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Lanceolate Lamina Shape

Long and narrow, slightly wider than linear.

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Oblong Lamina Shape

More or less rectangular, like a banana.

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Ovate Lamina Shape

Egg-shaped, wider at the base and tapering towards the apex.

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Cordate Lamina Shape

Shaped like a heart.

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Obovate Lamina Shape

The reverse of ovate, wider at the apex and tapering towards the base.

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Obcordate Lamina Shape

The reverse of cordate, wider at the apex and notched at the base.

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Rhomboid Lamina Shape

Kite-shaped, with a broad base and a pointed apex.

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Entire Lamina Margin

When the margin of the leaf is smooth.

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Serrate Lamina Margin

Margin with teeth pointed upwards.

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Dentate Lamina Margin

Margin with teeth pointed outward.

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Crenate Lamina Margin

Margin toothed with rounded teeth.

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Study Notes

Aims of the Course

  • The course focuses on cultivated and wild medicinal plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and the food industry.
  • It deals with botanical drugs of leaves, flowers, barks, woods, and unorganized origin.

Course Content

  • Leaves
  • Flowers
  • Barks
  • Woods
  • Unorganized drugs

Assessments

  • Class work: 5 marks (5%)
  • Midterm exam: 10 marks (10%)
  • Practical exam: 25 marks (25%)
  • Final written exam: 50 marks (50%)
  • Oral exam: 10 marks (10%)
  • Total: 100 marks (100%)

Parts of a Leaf

  • Leaf base: the part of the leaf directly attached to the stem
  • Stipules: appendages at the leaf base
  • Petiole: the part of the leaf between the blade and the base
  • Leaf blade or lamina: the green, flattened part of the leaf used for photosynthesis

Types of Leaves

  • Simple leaves: consist of one continuous blade
  • Compound leaves: have a divided leaf blade called leaflets

Leaf Insertion

  • Cauline: leaves arise on the main stem
  • Radical: leaves arise from a reduced stem

Phyllotaxy

  • The disposition of leaves on the stem
  • Leaves are arranged on the stem in a definite manner characteristic for each species of plants

Types of Phyllotaxy

  • Alternate: a single leaf arises from the node of a branch
  • Opposite: two leaves arise from the node in opposite directions
  • Decussate: opposite leaves at any one node are at right angles to those at the upper or lower node
  • Whorled: three or more leaves arising from the node

Leaf Petiole

  • Petiolated: when a leaf stalk or petiole is present
  • Sessile: when the petiole is absent

Leaf Base

  • Stipulate leaves: leaves with stipules
  • Exstipulate leaves: leaves without stipules
  • Stipules are small outgrowths that are typically leaf-like and present on the sides (one or both) of the base of a leafstalk

Base of Lamina

  • Symmetric: the two halves of the lamina are identical
  • Asymmetric: the two halves of the lamina are not identical
  • Decurrent: when the base of a leaf continues for a distance along the stem

Lamina Shapes

  • Linear: longer and slightly broader
  • Lanceolate: shaped like a lance
  • Oblong: more or less rectangular as in banana
  • Ovate: egg-shaped
  • Cordate: heart-shaped
  • Obovate: reverse of ovate
  • Obcordate: reverse of cordate
  • Rhomboid: kite-shaped

Lamina Margin

  • Entire: when the margin is smooth
  • Serrate: margin with teeth pointed upwards
  • Dentate: margin toothed, the teeth are pointed outward
  • Crenate: margin toothed and the teeth are rounded
  • Lobed or incised: when the margin is so much dissected that it can no longer be described simply as toothed
  • Parted: with lobes cut ½ to ¾ the distance to the midrib

Apex of the Lamina

  • Acute: when pointed and narrow
  • Acuminate: when the apex is drawn out into a long tapering tail
  • Obtuse: when the apex is broad angled and blunt
  • Rounded: the leaf apex is broadly rounded
  • Truncate: an apex that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge
  • Retuse: when the obtuse apex is slightly notched

Venation

  • Reticulate venation: a network-like pattern of veins
  • Parallel Venation: the veins run parallel to one another

Simple Leaves

  • Entire simple leaves have plain, rounded shapes without any projections
  • Lobed leaves have projections of the blade with gaps between them
  • Palmate leaves have lobes that radiate from a single point
  • Pinnate leaves have lobes that are arranged along a central stalk

Compound Leaves

  • Have a divided leaf blade called leaflets
  • Types of compound leaves: palmately compound and pinnately compound

Pinnately Compound Leaves

  • Paripinnate (even-pinnate): leaflets are borne in pairs along the rachis, ending with a pair of leaflets on either side
  • Imparipinnate (odd-pinnate): a single leaflet is present at the anterior terminal end of the rachis

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Description

This lecture introduces students to medicinal plants, focusing on cultivated and wild plants used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Emphasis is placed on Egyptian and other floras.

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