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Questions and Answers
At what age does parallel play typically begin?
At what age does parallel play typically begin?
Which type of play involves children actively engaging in similar activities without a specific goal?
Which type of play involves children actively engaging in similar activities without a specific goal?
What is a primary benefit of cooperative play?
What is a primary benefit of cooperative play?
At what age does solitary play typically develop?
At what age does solitary play typically develop?
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Which stage of play is characterized by observing other children without engaging in play?
Which stage of play is characterized by observing other children without engaging in play?
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What is the normal heart rate range for a sleeping neonate?
What is the normal heart rate range for a sleeping neonate?
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What is a common pain response in toddlers?
What is a common pain response in toddlers?
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Which pain scale is appropriate for self-reporting in school-age children?
Which pain scale is appropriate for self-reporting in school-age children?
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What is the expected respiratory rate (RR) range for a toddler?
What is the expected respiratory rate (RR) range for a toddler?
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At what age do children typically start to exhibit verbal expressions like 'Owie' or 'booboo' when in pain?
At what age do children typically start to exhibit verbal expressions like 'Owie' or 'booboo' when in pain?
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What is a key consideration when assessing vital signs in sleeping children?
What is a key consideration when assessing vital signs in sleeping children?
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Which type of child maltreatment is associated with unexplained injuries or repeated visits for injuries?
Which type of child maltreatment is associated with unexplained injuries or repeated visits for injuries?
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What is an expected response to pain in adolescents compared to younger children?
What is an expected response to pain in adolescents compared to younger children?
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What is the main developmental focus during the Concrete Operations stage according to Piaget?
What is the main developmental focus during the Concrete Operations stage according to Piaget?
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Which quality characterizes the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's theory of development?
Which quality characterizes the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's theory of development?
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In Erikson's psychosocial development, what virtue is associated with the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt?
In Erikson's psychosocial development, what virtue is associated with the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt?
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What is meant by 'object permanence' in the context of Piaget's Cognitive Theory?
What is meant by 'object permanence' in the context of Piaget's Cognitive Theory?
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During which stage do children typically experience 'industry vs inferiority' according to Erikson?
During which stage do children typically experience 'industry vs inferiority' according to Erikson?
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Which characteristic is associated with the Formal Operations stage of Piaget's theory?
Which characteristic is associated with the Formal Operations stage of Piaget's theory?
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What is the primary virtue developed during the 'Trust vs Mistrust' stage in Erikson's theory?
What is the primary virtue developed during the 'Trust vs Mistrust' stage in Erikson's theory?
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Which term refers to a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions during the Preoperational Stage?
Which term refers to a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions during the Preoperational Stage?
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In Piaget's theory, what intervention can best support children's learning in the Concrete Operations stage?
In Piaget's theory, what intervention can best support children's learning in the Concrete Operations stage?
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What is the key characteristic of 'abstract thinking' that develops in the Formal Operations stage?
What is the key characteristic of 'abstract thinking' that develops in the Formal Operations stage?
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What is the correct initial treatment for a child with mild respiratory distress?
What is the correct initial treatment for a child with mild respiratory distress?
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Which of the following signs indicates severe respiratory distress?
Which of the following signs indicates severe respiratory distress?
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What intervention is recommended for a child experiencing moderate respiratory distress?
What intervention is recommended for a child experiencing moderate respiratory distress?
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In infants, how should the airway be managed to ensure comfort and open airway?
In infants, how should the airway be managed to ensure comfort and open airway?
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Which vaccination is NOT recommended for preventing severe respiratory diseases?
Which vaccination is NOT recommended for preventing severe respiratory diseases?
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Which of these is an early sign of respiratory distress?
Which of these is an early sign of respiratory distress?
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What characterizes the difference between mild and moderate respiratory distress treatment?
What characterizes the difference between mild and moderate respiratory distress treatment?
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Which observation is considered a late sign of respiratory distress?
Which observation is considered a late sign of respiratory distress?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for diphenhydramine?
What is the primary mechanism of action for diphenhydramine?
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Which of the following medications is classified as a mucolytic?
Which of the following medications is classified as a mucolytic?
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What is a common side effect associated with the use of phenylephrine when overused?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of phenylephrine when overused?
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Which of the following antihistamines is most likely to cause drowsiness?
Which of the following antihistamines is most likely to cause drowsiness?
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Which of the following is a primary use for dextromethorphan?
Which of the following is a primary use for dextromethorphan?
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In patients taking guaifenesin, what is a recommended practice to enhance its effectiveness?
In patients taking guaifenesin, what is a recommended practice to enhance its effectiveness?
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What is the main action of second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine and loratadine?
What is the main action of second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine and loratadine?
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What is one of the side effects of acetylcysteine that can be particularly unpleasant?
What is one of the side effects of acetylcysteine that can be particularly unpleasant?
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What is the primary purpose of using activated charcoal in cases of poisoning?
What is the primary purpose of using activated charcoal in cases of poisoning?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for ingestion of a toxic substance?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for ingestion of a toxic substance?
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What should be the first action taken when assessing an unknown substance ingestion?
What should be the first action taken when assessing an unknown substance ingestion?
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Which of the following antidotes is used specifically for opioid overdose?
Which of the following antidotes is used specifically for opioid overdose?
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Why is it important not to refer to medication as candy in front of children?
Why is it important not to refer to medication as candy in front of children?
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What is the toxic dose of acetaminophen considered for children?
What is the toxic dose of acetaminophen considered for children?
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In the event of lead exposure, what therapy is used for high doses?
In the event of lead exposure, what therapy is used for high doses?
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What assessment symptoms are associated with severe cannabis ingestion?
What assessment symptoms are associated with severe cannabis ingestion?
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What procedure is indicated for ocular exposure to a harmful substance?
What procedure is indicated for ocular exposure to a harmful substance?
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Which substance can potentially lead to SLUDGE symptomology upon exposure?
Which substance can potentially lead to SLUDGE symptomology upon exposure?
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Study Notes
Module 1: Safety and Patterns of Development
- Physiological differences exist between very young and older children regarding pharmacodynamics
- Pediatric considerations for medications in infants and children include safe dose ranges (e.g., mg/kg/dose)
- Infants' and toddlers' physiological characteristics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) differ from adults.
- Differences in absorption are due to gastric acid secretion, irregular gastric emptying, and increased intestinal motility in frequent feedings in infants.
- Distribution is limited by blood-plasma protein binding in infants and young children due to low albumin levels, and the blood-brain barrier may not be fully developed.
- Metabolism, particularly in the liver, is immature in infants and young children, meaning drugs are not broken down efficiently.
- Infants and toddlers start to equalize to adults around 2-3 years old regarding these physiological processes.
Module 2: Growth and Development Milestones/Play
- Growth is quantitative, development is qualitative
- Development is differentiated, sequential, unique, and directional
- Differentiated growth progresses from general to specific and simple to complex
- Orderly development includes milestones like rolling, crawling, walking, and running
- Sequential milestones progress in a given order
- Unique development considers each child's progress at their individual pace
- Directional development, including cephalocaudal and proximodistal, suggests a head-to-toe and center-to-outward pattern.
Module 3: Assessment, Communication, Pain, Neurodiversity, and Maltreatment
- Developmentally appropriate approaches to assessing pediatric patients are needed
- Consider play stages and family-centered care when assessing patients
- Assessment should start with least invasive to most invasive methods: assess heart, lungs, and abdomen on infants before becoming a stranger (after 6 months)
- School-aged children may want to be independent during assessment
- Adolescents require autonomy and clarification in assessment procedures
- The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) framework is essential for effective pediatric assessment
- Abnormal vital signs may indicate various complications
- Consider common pain responses in different ages and stages of development.
Module 4: Accidental Ingestion and Skin Issues
- Differentiate bacterial and fungal infections (e.g., Impetigo affecting the nose, mouth, and hands; Furuncles and Carbuncles; thrush - common; Candidiasis)
- Atopic dermatitis (eczema): is not caused by bacteria or fungi and presents with erythema, weeping, and oozing in younger children, thickened skin in older children
- A plan is needed to prevent and treat skin infections in children
- The 5 As (Avoidance, applying a cleanser and moisturizer, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, and anti-bacterial) can treat atopic dermatitis
- Measures to avoid excessive heat and irritants
Module 5: Gas Exchange Day 1
- Pediatricians need to consider the unique characteristics of a child's respiratory system
- These characteristics include a short neck, which may make the trachea easily dislodged
- Children may have smaller nares, smaller nasopharynx, and a longer, floppy epiglottis, putting them at a higher risk for obstruction.
Module 6: Gas Exchange Day 2
- The pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) includes common causes for distress including apnea, retractions and cyanosis
- Interventions include maintaining an open airway
- Contact droplet precautions are necessary to prevent spread
- Proper assessment, including vital signs, respiratory effort, and specific physical signs, are needed to detect respiratory distress.
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Description
This quiz explores the differences in pharmacodynamics between infants, toddlers, and older children. It covers important considerations for medication dosing, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in young patients. Understand the unique physiological factors that impact drug therapy in pediatrics.