Pharmacodynamics in Pediatric Care

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.

The belief that thoughts or wishes can cause events to happen.

The repeated performance of specific actions or routines.

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.

The ability to group objects based on shared characteristics.

The ability to think about ideas and concepts without needing concrete examples.

Forming an educated guess or prediction and then testing it.

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth to 2 years), focused on sensory experiences and motor actions.

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development (2 to 7 years), characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentric views.

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development (7 to 12 years), characterized by logical reasoning focused on tangible things.

Piaget's final stage of cognitive development (12 years and beyond), characterized by abstract reasoning and hypothetical thought.

Erikson's first psychosocial stage (birth to 1 year), emphasizing building trust through meeting basic needs.

Erikson's second psychosocial stage (1 to 3 years), involving developing independence and a sense of self-control.

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage (12-18 years), focusing on developing a sense of self and personal identity amidst various roles and choices.

Observing the environment; not actively involved in play.

Watching other children play, but not participating.

Playing alone with different toys; interest on own activity

Playing independently alongside other children; no group association.

Playing together, engaging in similar activities, no goal.

Organized play with a shared goal; leader-follower relationship.

Age group - not specified

6 months

15 months

24 months

3 years

Unknown Age

Sensorimotor, intellectual, social, creative, self-awareness, therapeutic, and moral development.

Heart rate for newborns (birth to 1 month) is between 100 and 205 beats per minute.

Respiratory rate for infants (1 month to 12 months) is between 30 and 53 breaths per minute.

Low blood pressure in toddlers (1-3 years old) is defined as less than 70 mmHg plus twice their age in years.

Heart rate for preschoolers (3-6 years old) is 80-120 bpm.

A pain assessment tool for young children using facial expression, leg movement, activity, cry and consolability.

A pain assessment tool for children using faces to represent pain levels.

Infants may exhibit generalized pain responses, such as loud crying, facial expressions, or physical resistance. This doesn’t always mean pain.

Toddlers may exhibit verbal expressions like "Owie" or "Booboo", and aggressive behaviors such as thrashing or clinging to others, often in anticipation of pain.

School-aged children may show pain behaviors like stalling or muscle rigidity, similar to toddlers, but the behaviors may be less anticipated.

Adolescents may exhibit less vocal and motor responses, yet have an increase in verbal expression and muscle tension when experiencing acute pain.

Mild respiratory distress characterized by early symptoms like increased respiratory rate (tachypnea), increased heart rate (tachycardia), and restlessness. Treatment involves oxygen via nasal cannula and elevating the head of the bed (HOB).

Making a home safe for children by locking up hazardous items and substances

Moderate respiratory distress includes symptoms like increased respiratory rate and heart rate, and the use of oxygen via non-rebreather mask or high-flow nasal cannula. Positioning changes may also be needed.

Store medicines and household products in their original containers to avoid mistakes or mix-ups.

Severe respiratory distress requires immediate intervention, often involving using a bag-valve-mask (ambubag) and/or intubation and mechanical ventilation. X-rays may be needed.

Use correct measuring tools for medications, especially for children.

Airway, Breathing, Circulation - the initial steps for evaluating an emergency.

Retractions are visible inward pulling of the skin between and around the ribs, caused by decreased compliance and increasing work of breathing.

Rapid breathing, a primary sign of respiratory distress, especially in early stages.

Who, What, When, Where, Why - crucial questions to understand ingestion incidents.

Fast heart rate; often an early indicator of respiratory stress.

A substance that binds to ingested toxins, preventing absorption.

A procedure to remove ingested toxins from the stomach. (Avoid if unnecessary)

Medical devices used to deliver oxygen to patients, escalating from nasal cannula to non-rebreather masks to intubation, based on severity.

Positioning infants with respiratory distress often involves placing a rolled towel or blanket under their shoulders to open the airway and make breathing easier.

Tests to identify the specific substance involved in a poisoning incident.

150 mg/kg, more than 500 meds contain acetaminophen. Potentially toxic.

An antidote for opioid overdoses.

Antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

Symptoms (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Emesis) associated with organophosphates.

Assess for irritation, respiratory problems, or other potential harm if a child ingests a plant.

A resource to get medical advice about poisoning incidents.

Decreased iron makes lead easier to absorb in the body.

A first-generation antihistamine that blocks histamine receptors, causing mild anticholinergic effects and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Antihistamines like Cetirizine (Zyrtec), Loratadine (Claritin), and Fexofenadine (Allegra) that have minimal sedation side effects, and are longer-lasting than first-generation antihistamines.

A sympathomimetic that acts on alpha1-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction in the nasal passages, which opens them.

An opioid antitussive that suppresses the cough reflex in brain by binding to opioid receptors.

An expectorant that reduces the surface tension of respiratory secretions thus thinning mucus.

A mucolytic that breaks down disulfide linkages in mucus proteins reducing its thickness, used for treating mucus blockages.

A virus causing the common cold, pneumonia in some respiratory infections. Specifically, a common respiratory infection.

Children with pre-existing conditions like asthma or congenital heart disease are vulnerable to severe complications from RSV