Pharmacodynamics in Pediatric Care
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Questions and Answers

At what age does parallel play typically begin?

  • 6 months
  • 15 months
  • 3 years
  • 24 months (correct)
  • Which type of play involves children actively engaging in similar activities without a specific goal?

  • Associative play (correct)
  • Solitary play
  • Cooperative play
  • Unoccupied play
  • What is a primary benefit of cooperative play?

  • Organized goal achievement (correct)
  • Testing self-awareness
  • Improving solitary skills
  • Developing creativity
  • At what age does solitary play typically develop?

    <p>15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of play is characterized by observing other children without engaging in play?

    <p>Onlooker play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal heart rate range for a sleeping neonate?

    <p>90-160 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pain response in toddlers?

    <p>Generalized crying and thrashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pain scale is appropriate for self-reporting in school-age children?

    <p>Numeric scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected respiratory rate (RR) range for a toddler?

    <p>22-37 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically start to exhibit verbal expressions like 'Owie' or 'booboo' when in pain?

    <p>Toddlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when assessing vital signs in sleeping children?

    <p>Take measurements without waking them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of child maltreatment is associated with unexplained injuries or repeated visits for injuries?

    <p>Physical abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected response to pain in adolescents compared to younger children?

    <p>Less vocal and more verbal expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main developmental focus during the Concrete Operations stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Recognizing relationships and conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quality characterizes the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's theory of development?

    <p>Egocentrism and magical thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's psychosocial development, what virtue is associated with the stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt?

    <p>Will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'object permanence' in the context of Piaget's Cognitive Theory?

    <p>Recognizing that objects exist even when not visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children typically experience 'industry vs inferiority' according to Erikson?

    <p>School-age years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with the Formal Operations stage of Piaget's theory?

    <p>Abstract thinking and scientific reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary virtue developed during the 'Trust vs Mistrust' stage in Erikson's theory?

    <p>Hope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions during the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's theory, what intervention can best support children's learning in the Concrete Operations stage?

    <p>Allow classification and sorting activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of 'abstract thinking' that develops in the Formal Operations stage?

    <p>Reasoning beyond concrete objects and concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct initial treatment for a child with mild respiratory distress?

    <p>O2 via nasal prongs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs indicates severe respiratory distress?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention is recommended for a child experiencing moderate respiratory distress?

    <p>O2 via NRB or humidified high flow nasal cannula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In infants, how should the airway be managed to ensure comfort and open airway?

    <p>Use a rolled towel under shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccination is NOT recommended for preventing severe respiratory diseases?

    <p>Influenza vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an early sign of respiratory distress?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the difference between mild and moderate respiratory distress treatment?

    <p>Oxygen delivery method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation is considered a late sign of respiratory distress?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for diphenhydramine?

    <p>Bind to histamine receptors to block release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a mucolytic?

    <p>Acetylcysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the use of phenylephrine when overused?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is most likely to cause drowsiness?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary use for dextromethorphan?

    <p>Suppress chronic, nonproductive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients taking guaifenesin, what is a recommended practice to enhance its effectiveness?

    <p>Increase fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of second-generation antihistamines like cetirizine and loratadine?

    <p>Antagonize histamine receptors without binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the side effects of acetylcysteine that can be particularly unpleasant?

    <p>Rotten egg smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using activated charcoal in cases of poisoning?

    <p>To bind with the toxic substance and prevent absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for ingestion of a toxic substance?

    <p>Start gastric lavage immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the first action taken when assessing an unknown substance ingestion?

    <p>Assess vital signs and level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antidotes is used specifically for opioid overdose?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important not to refer to medication as candy in front of children?

    <p>Children may not be able to differentiate between candy and medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxic dose of acetaminophen considered for children?

    <p>150 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of lead exposure, what therapy is used for high doses?

    <p>Chelation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment symptoms are associated with severe cannabis ingestion?

    <p>Low heart rate, hallucinations, and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is indicated for ocular exposure to a harmful substance?

    <p>Utilize Morgan lens for flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can potentially lead to SLUDGE symptomology upon exposure?

    <p>Organophosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module 1: Safety and Patterns of Development

    • Physiological differences exist between very young and older children regarding pharmacodynamics
    • Pediatric considerations for medications in infants and children include safe dose ranges (e.g., mg/kg/dose)
    • Infants' and toddlers' physiological characteristics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) differ from adults.
    • Differences in absorption are due to gastric acid secretion, irregular gastric emptying, and increased intestinal motility in frequent feedings in infants.
    • Distribution is limited by blood-plasma protein binding in infants and young children due to low albumin levels, and the blood-brain barrier may not be fully developed.
    • Metabolism, particularly in the liver, is immature in infants and young children, meaning drugs are not broken down efficiently.
    • Infants and toddlers start to equalize to adults around 2-3 years old regarding these physiological processes.

    Module 2: Growth and Development Milestones/Play

    • Growth is quantitative, development is qualitative
    • Development is differentiated, sequential, unique, and directional
    • Differentiated growth progresses from general to specific and simple to complex
    • Orderly development includes milestones like rolling, crawling, walking, and running
    • Sequential milestones progress in a given order
    • Unique development considers each child's progress at their individual pace
    • Directional development, including cephalocaudal and proximodistal, suggests a head-to-toe and center-to-outward pattern.

    Module 3: Assessment, Communication, Pain, Neurodiversity, and Maltreatment

    • Developmentally appropriate approaches to assessing pediatric patients are needed
    • Consider play stages and family-centered care when assessing patients
    • Assessment should start with least invasive to most invasive methods: assess heart, lungs, and abdomen on infants before becoming a stranger (after 6 months)
    • School-aged children may want to be independent during assessment
    • Adolescents require autonomy and clarification in assessment procedures
    • The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) framework is essential for effective pediatric assessment
    • Abnormal vital signs may indicate various complications
    • Consider common pain responses in different ages and stages of development.

    Module 4: Accidental Ingestion and Skin Issues

    • Differentiate bacterial and fungal infections (e.g., Impetigo affecting the nose, mouth, and hands; Furuncles and Carbuncles; thrush - common; Candidiasis)
    • Atopic dermatitis (eczema): is not caused by bacteria or fungi and presents with erythema, weeping, and oozing in younger children, thickened skin in older children
    • A plan is needed to prevent and treat skin infections in children
    • The 5 As (Avoidance, applying a cleanser and moisturizer, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, and anti-bacterial) can treat atopic dermatitis
    • Measures to avoid excessive heat and irritants

    Module 5: Gas Exchange Day 1

    • Pediatricians need to consider the unique characteristics of a child's respiratory system
    • These characteristics include a short neck, which may make the trachea easily dislodged
    • Children may have smaller nares, smaller nasopharynx, and a longer, floppy epiglottis, putting them at a higher risk for obstruction.

    Module 6: Gas Exchange Day 2

    • The pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) includes common causes for distress including apnea, retractions and cyanosis
    • Interventions include maintaining an open airway
    • Contact droplet precautions are necessary to prevent spread
    • Proper assessment, including vital signs, respiratory effort, and specific physical signs, are needed to detect respiratory distress.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the differences in pharmacodynamics between infants, toddlers, and older children. It covers important considerations for medication dosing, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in young patients. Understand the unique physiological factors that impact drug therapy in pediatrics.

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