Pharmaceutical Technology I - LEC 1

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the volume relation between the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase?

  • The dispersed phase is larger than the dispersion medium.
  • The dispersion medium volume is greater than the dispersed phase volume. (correct)
  • The dispersed phase volume is much smaller than the dispersion medium.
  • The dispersion medium is equal in volume to the dispersed phase.

In a starch solution, which component is classified as the dispersed phase?

  • The starch (correct)
  • The dissolved minerals
  • The air particles
  • The water

Which of the following correctly describes an example of a dispersed phase?

  • Salt in water
  • Dust in the air (correct)
  • Sugar in tea
  • Oxygen in nitrogen

What role does water play in a starch solution?

<p>It acts as the dispersing medium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the nature of the continuous phase in a dispersion?

<p>It is the phase that surrounds the dispersed phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a molecular dispersion?

<p>Aqueous solution of salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range for particles in colloidal dispersions?

<p>1nm – 0.5μm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options does NOT describe a colloidal dispersion?

<p>Particles larger than 5μm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air is classified as a molecular dispersion primarily because it is composed of:

<p>A mixture of various gases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge for certain patient populations regarding traditional solid dosage forms?

<p>They can be difficult for infants or the elderly to swallow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of drug solutions?

<p>They often experience reduced drug stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is classified as a micro-heterogeneous dispersed system?

<p>Colloidal dispersions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with drug solutions compared to solid dosage forms?

<p>They may pose challenges in maintaining dosage accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of patient administration, which population is explicitly mentioned as potentially struggling with solid dosage forms?

<p>Infants and the elderly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can reduce the stability of drugs in solution?

<p>Solvolysis, hydrolysis, or oxidation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tinctures primarily composed of?

<p>Chemical substances dissolved in alcohol or hydroalcoholic solvents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of injections compared to other solutions?

<p>Injections are prepared to be sterile and pyrogen-free (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a hydroalcoholic solvent?

<p>A solvent containing both alcohol and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are certain solutions classified as injections?

<p>They are designed for parenteral administration and are sterile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of preparation is NOT characteristic of tinctures?

<p>Solutions using only water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a lyophilic dispersion?

<p>Sugar in water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a lyophobic dispersion?

<p>It is solvent-hating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of dispersion systems, which is NOT a characteristic of lyophilic dispersions?

<p>They do not dissolve well in solvents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be a characteristic of a lyophobic dispersion?

<p>Low interaction with the solvent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen to the particles in a suspension if left undisturbed for a long period?

<p>They will settle out of the mixture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do suspensions differ from solutions in terms of particle behavior over time?

<p>Suspensions will have particles that settle out if undisturbed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of suspensions compared to colloids?

<p>Colloids consist of smaller particles than suspensions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of mixture can you expect the particles to settle under gravitational forces?

<p>Suspensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to suspended particles when a suspension is allowed to stand undisturbed?

<p>They will settle to the bottom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lyophilic Dispersion

A dispersion system where the dispersed phase has a strong attraction to the dispersion medium (like dissolves like).

Lyophobic Dispersion

A dispersion system where the dispersed phase has a weak attraction to the dispersion medium (like does not dissolve like).

Dispersion System

A type of dispersion system where the dispersed phase is evenly spread throughout the dispersion medium, resulting in a stable mixture.

Dispersed Phase

The substance being dispersed into the dispersion medium.

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Dispersion Medium

The substance that surrounds and disperses the dispersed phase.

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Colloidal Solution

A type of mixture where one substance is scattered evenly within another, but without dissolving. It's between a solution and a suspension.

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Volume Difference in a Colloid

In a colloidal solution, the volume of the dispersing medium is greater than the volume of the dispersed phase.

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Starch in Water

In an aqueous starch solution, the starch is the dispersed phase and water is the dispersion medium.

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Suspension

A type of mixture where particles are large enough to settle out over time when left undisturbed.

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Heterogeneous mixture

A heterogeneous mixture where particles are dispersed throughout but can separate over time.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture where the particles are evenly distributed and don't settle out.

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Colloid

A type of mixture where particles are smaller than in suspensions but larger than in solutions. They don't settle out easily.

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Settling out

The process where particles in a suspension settle to the bottom due to gravity.

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Molecular Dispersion

A type of mixture where tiny particles of one substance are evenly spread throughout another substance.

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Colloidal Dispersion

A dispersion where the dispersed particles are microscopic, ranging in size from 1 nanometer to 0.5 micrometers.

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Dispersed Phase (Molecular Dispersion)

Tiny particles, like molecules or atoms, evenly spread out.

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Dispersing Medium (Molecular Dispersion)

The substance where the particles are dispersed.

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Electrolytes as Molecular Dispersions

Aqueous solutions of salts, where salt molecules are dissolved in water.

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Tincture

A liquid mixture where a substance (like a chemical) is dissolved in alcohol or a mix of alcohol and water.

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Injection

A solution that's made sterile and free of fever-causing substances, meant to be injected into the body.

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Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.

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Solid Dosage Forms

Solid dosage forms, like tablets or capsules, that are difficult for some patients, such as infants or the elderly, to swallow.

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Solvolysis

The process of a drug breaking down in a solution, typically due to chemical reactions with the solvent.

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Hydrolysis

The process of a drug breaking down in a solution due to interaction with water molecules.

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Oxidation

The process of a drug degrading in a solution due to exposure to oxygen.

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Drug Stability

A loss of effectiveness or potency of a drug over time, often due to factors like chemical reactions or degradation.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Technology I (Dispersed Systems and Solutions) - LEC 1

  • Course: College of Pharmacy, 3rd Stage
  • Lecturer: Hanan Hasan
  • Year: 2024
  • Textbook: Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Tenth Edition

Introduction to Pharmaceutics

  • Pharmaceutics converts a drug into a medicine
  • It involves the science and technology of designing and manufacturing dosage forms
  • Includes physical pharmaceutics (drug properties), biopharmaceutics (therapeutic considerations), dosage form design, and manufacturing on small (compounding) or large (industrial) scales

Pharmaceutical Preparations

  • Pharmaceutical preparations (medicines) must be elegant, safe, stable, palatable, and therapeutically effective.

Dispersed Systems

  • Dispersed systems are biphasic, meaning they consist of two phases: a dispersed phase (internal phase) and a continuous phase (external phase or vehicle).
  • The continuous phase volume is greater than the dispersed phase volume.
  • Examples of dispersed phases include dust in air, starch in water. Dispersed phase is what's inside.
  • Dispersed phase and continuous phase can be solids, liquids, or gases. Examples include suspensions, emulsions, and aerosols.
  • Internal/external phase examples: Solids, liquids, or gases e.g. Suspensions, emulsions, or aerosols.

Classification of Dispersed Systems (by particle size)

  • Molecular dispersion: particle size < 1nm (e.g., solutions)
  • Colloidal dispersion: particle size 1nm to 0.5μm (e.g., gels)
  • Coarse dispersion: particle size > 0.5μm (e.g., suspensions)

Classification of Dispersed Systems (by interaction between phases)

  • Lyophilic dispersion: solvent-like interaction (e.g., sugar in water, starch in water), very stable.
  • Lyophobic dispersion: solvent-hating interaction (e.g., benzene with water, oil with water), less stable.

Classification of Disperse Systems (by Physical State)

  • Systems categorized based on whether the continuous and dispersed phases are solid, liquid, or gas
  • Solid suspensions, Solid emulsions, Suspensions, Emulsions
  • Solid foam, Foams, Aerosols
  • Examples of dispersed systems given e.g. smoke, dust, aerosols, gels, suspensions, emulsions, tincture, elixirs

Examples of Dispersed Systems

  • Solutions: homogeneous mixture; particles do not settle
  • Suspensions: heterogeneous mixture; particles settle out

Types of Solutions (by administration)

  • Oral solutions
  • Otic solutions
  • Ophthalmic solutions
  • Nasal solutions (e.g., normal saline nasal drops)
  • Topical solutions

Advantages of Solutions

  • Immediate drug availability for absorption
  • Flexible dosing
  • Can be designed for various absorption routes (oral, parenteral, topical, etc.)
  • Facilitate swallowing (e.g., for infants or elderly)

Disadvantages of Solutions

  • Reduced drug stability (solvolysis, hydrolysis, oxidation)
  • Difficult to mask unpleasant tastes
  • Bulky and prone to breakages
  • Requires precise measurement for administration
  • Some drugs are poorly soluble

Types of Solutions (by composition/use)

  • Syrups (aqueous solution containing sugar)
  • Elixirs (sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions)
  • Spirits (solutions of aromatic materials in alcohol or aromatic water)
  • Tinctures/fluid extracts (solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs)
  • Injections (sterile and pyrogen-free solutions for parenteral administration)

Types of Solutions (by physical state)

  • Solid in liquid
  • Liquid in liquid
  • Gas in liquid (e.g., ammonia solution)

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