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Questions and Answers
What is unique about Ceftaroline compared to other cephalosporins?
How are cephalosporins of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations administered?
Which cephalosporin does not need to have its dose modified in the presence of renal failure?
What is the recommended daily dose of Ceftriaxone in patients with both renal and hepatic impairment?
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What is a common adverse reaction to cephalosporins?
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Which generation of cephalosporins has minimal cross-reactivity with penicillin G?
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What is the most common route of administration for Cefipime and Ceftaroline?
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What is a characteristic of Cephalosporins in terms of toxicity?
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What is the consequence of hypersensitivity reaction to cephalosporins in rare cases?
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What is the commonality between cephalosporins and penicillin G in terms of hypersensitivity reaction?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Antibacterial Agents
- Antimicrobials refer to medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants.
- Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms, or produced by chemical synthesis, used to prevent and treat bacterial infections.
Sources of Antibiotics
- Microorganisms: e.g., Bacillus species, Streptomyces species, Penicillium, Acremonium
- Synthesis: Chloramphenicol
- Semisynthesis: Combines fermentation and chemical process; many penicillins and cephalosporins are produced this way
Classifications of Antibiotics
- By chemical structure: e.g., Beta lactams, Quinolones
- By mechanism of action
- By spectrum: Broad spectrum antibiotics are not necessarily active against all bacteria; e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- By type of action: Bactericidal (e.g., Beta lactams, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones) or Bacteriostatic (e.g., Lincosamides, Macrolides, Oxazolidinones)
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Biosynthesis: Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
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- Penicillins:
- Mechanism: Beta-lactam ring binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the cell wall, inhibiting its normal activity.
- Examples: Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Methicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Piperacillin
- Some penicillins are effective against Gram-negative bacteria; e.g., Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Piperacillin
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- Cephalosporins:
- 5 generations:
- First-generation: e.g., Cefazolin, Cephalexin; active against Gram-positive bacteria
- Second-generation: e.g., Cefuroxime, Cefprozil, Cefoxitin; less active against Gram-positive bacteria, but more active against Gram-negative bacteria
- Third-generation: e.g., Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone; extended Gram-negative coverage
- Fourth-generation: e.g., Cefepime; broad-spectrum antimicrobial, penetrates cerebral spinal fluid
- Fifth-generation: e.g., Ceftaroline; covers methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Administration: Orally or parenterally, depending on the generation
- Side effects: Generally safe, but may cause hypersensitivity reactions, especially in patients allergic to penicillin
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Description
Identify and differentiate between various classes of antibiotics, their members, and their mechanisms of action. Learn how antibiotics kill bacteria and more.
