30 Questions
What type of immunity is developed after contacting pathogens inside the body?
Active immunity
What is the source of natural passive immunity for a newborn?
All of the above
What is the result of natural infection?
Acquired active immunity
What is the purpose of immunization?
To develop acquired active immunity
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active is developed inside the body, passive is provided from outside
What type of immunity is provided by antibodies or antitoxins from another source?
Passive immunity
What is an example of artificial passive immunity?
Injection of antibodies
What is the term for the inherent defense against infection?
Innate immunity
What is the result of artificial injection of a live or attenuated pathogen?
Active immunity
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
Natural is from infection, artificial is from injection
What is the main benefit of active immunization?
Long-term immunity
What is a toxoid?
A detoxified exotoxin
What is the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
Risk of reversion to virulent form
What is the benefit of passive immunization?
Immediate protection
What is the difference between a vaccine and an antigen?
A vaccine is an antigenic but not pathogenic substance, while an antigen is a pathogenic substance
What is the advantage of live attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?
They are more effective
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccine production?
To increase the potency of the vaccine
What is the difference between a subunit vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine?
A subunit vaccine contains a purified antigen, while a live attenuated vaccine contains a whole organism
What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
Measles vaccine
Who is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
What type of vaccine is safe to give to immunosuppressed people?
Subunit
Which vaccine is prepared by chemically linking a polysaccharide antigen to a carrier protein?
Conjugate
What is the main purpose of the 'cold chain' in vaccine administration?
To prevent vaccine failure due to improper storage and transport
Which of the following vaccines should not be given during pregnancy?
Live Attenuated
Which occupation requires vaccination against rabies, plague, and anthrax?
Vets and animal handlers
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine?
Recombinant
What is the route of administration for the BCG vaccine?
Intradermal
What is the purpose of vaccinations in travel?
To receive specific vaccines according to the country traveled to
Which of the following vaccines must be stored in the freezer compartment?
Polio and measles
What is the term for the adverse reactions that occur due to faulty techniques during vaccination?
Reactions due to faulty techniques
Study Notes
Immunity
- Innate (inborn) immunity is genetic
- Acquired immunity can be active or passive
- Active immunity is developed after contacting pathogens inside the body
- Passive immunity is provided by antibodies or antitoxins from outside the body
Active and Passive Immunity
- Active immunity: develops after contacting pathogens, provides long-term immunity, but not immediate, and has a risk of contamination
- Passive immunity: provides immediate protection, but no long-term protection, and may cause allergic reactions
Vaccination
- Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization
- A vaccine is an immunobiological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease
- Edward Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine in 1780 AD
Types of Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines: treated to become attenuated and avirulent, but antigenic, (e.g., Oral polio vaccine, Measles, Mumps, MMR, Rubella, Yellow fever, BCG)
- Inactivated (killed) vaccines: organisms are killed or inactivated, but remain antigenic, (e.g., Rabies, Hepatitis A, Polio, Flu)
- Toxoids: prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria, (e.g., Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid)
- Subunit vaccines: contain purified antigens, (e.g., Pertussis, Influenza)
- Conjugate (Polysaccharide) vaccines: prepared from extracted cellular fractions, (e.g., Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib))
- Recombinant vaccines: antigens produced by genetic engineering technology, (e.g., Hepatitis B, Human papilloma virus)
Application of Active Immunization
- Infants and children: expanded immunization program
- Adult females: tetanus toxoid in pregnancy, no live attenuated vaccines during pregnancy
- Special occupations: health care workers, public safety personnel, vets and animal handlers, sewage workers, food handlers, military troops and camp dwellers
- Special health status persons: immuno-compromised persons, hemodialysis and transplantation
- Travel: specific vaccine according to the country traveled to
Routes of Administration
- Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines)
- Oral route (sabine polio vaccine)
- Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
- Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)
Hazards of Immunization
- Reactions inherent to inoculation
- Reactions due to faulty techniques
- Reactions due to hypersensitivity
- Neurological involvement
The Cold Chain
- A system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the manufacturer to the actual vaccination site
- Necessary to prevent vaccine failure due to failure to store and transport under strict temperature controls
- Vaccines that must be stored in the freezer compartment: polio and measles
- Vaccines that must be stored in the cold part but never allowed to freeze: typhoid, DPT, tetanus toxoid, BCG
Test your knowledge on active and passive immunity, including their advantages and disadvantages, types of vaccines, and the cold chain. Learn about innate and acquired immunity, natural and artificial immunization, and more.
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