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Questions and Answers
What type of immunity is developed after contacting pathogens inside the body?
What type of immunity is developed after contacting pathogens inside the body?
What is the source of natural passive immunity for a newborn?
What is the source of natural passive immunity for a newborn?
What is the result of natural infection?
What is the result of natural infection?
What is the purpose of immunization?
What is the purpose of immunization?
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What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
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What type of immunity is provided by antibodies or antitoxins from another source?
What type of immunity is provided by antibodies or antitoxins from another source?
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What is an example of artificial passive immunity?
What is an example of artificial passive immunity?
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What is the term for the inherent defense against infection?
What is the term for the inherent defense against infection?
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What is the result of artificial injection of a live or attenuated pathogen?
What is the result of artificial injection of a live or attenuated pathogen?
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What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
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What is the main benefit of active immunization?
What is the main benefit of active immunization?
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What is a toxoid?
What is a toxoid?
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What is the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
What is the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?
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What is the benefit of passive immunization?
What is the benefit of passive immunization?
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What is the difference between a vaccine and an antigen?
What is the difference between a vaccine and an antigen?
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What is the advantage of live attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?
What is the advantage of live attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines?
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What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccine production?
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccine production?
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What is the difference between a subunit vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine?
What is the difference between a subunit vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine?
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What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
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Who is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine?
Who is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine?
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What type of vaccine is safe to give to immunosuppressed people?
What type of vaccine is safe to give to immunosuppressed people?
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Which vaccine is prepared by chemically linking a polysaccharide antigen to a carrier protein?
Which vaccine is prepared by chemically linking a polysaccharide antigen to a carrier protein?
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What is the main purpose of the 'cold chain' in vaccine administration?
What is the main purpose of the 'cold chain' in vaccine administration?
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Which of the following vaccines should not be given during pregnancy?
Which of the following vaccines should not be given during pregnancy?
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Which occupation requires vaccination against rabies, plague, and anthrax?
Which occupation requires vaccination against rabies, plague, and anthrax?
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What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine?
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine?
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What is the route of administration for the BCG vaccine?
What is the route of administration for the BCG vaccine?
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What is the purpose of vaccinations in travel?
What is the purpose of vaccinations in travel?
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Which of the following vaccines must be stored in the freezer compartment?
Which of the following vaccines must be stored in the freezer compartment?
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What is the term for the adverse reactions that occur due to faulty techniques during vaccination?
What is the term for the adverse reactions that occur due to faulty techniques during vaccination?
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Study Notes
Immunity
- Innate (inborn) immunity is genetic
- Acquired immunity can be active or passive
- Active immunity is developed after contacting pathogens inside the body
- Passive immunity is provided by antibodies or antitoxins from outside the body
Active and Passive Immunity
- Active immunity: develops after contacting pathogens, provides long-term immunity, but not immediate, and has a risk of contamination
- Passive immunity: provides immediate protection, but no long-term protection, and may cause allergic reactions
Vaccination
- Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the immune response through active immunization
- A vaccine is an immunobiological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease
- Edward Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine in 1780 AD
Types of Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines: treated to become attenuated and avirulent, but antigenic, (e.g., Oral polio vaccine, Measles, Mumps, MMR, Rubella, Yellow fever, BCG)
- Inactivated (killed) vaccines: organisms are killed or inactivated, but remain antigenic, (e.g., Rabies, Hepatitis A, Polio, Flu)
- Toxoids: prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some bacteria, (e.g., Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid)
- Subunit vaccines: contain purified antigens, (e.g., Pertussis, Influenza)
- Conjugate (Polysaccharide) vaccines: prepared from extracted cellular fractions, (e.g., Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib))
- Recombinant vaccines: antigens produced by genetic engineering technology, (e.g., Hepatitis B, Human papilloma virus)
Application of Active Immunization
- Infants and children: expanded immunization program
- Adult females: tetanus toxoid in pregnancy, no live attenuated vaccines during pregnancy
- Special occupations: health care workers, public safety personnel, vets and animal handlers, sewage workers, food handlers, military troops and camp dwellers
- Special health status persons: immuno-compromised persons, hemodialysis and transplantation
- Travel: specific vaccine according to the country traveled to
Routes of Administration
- Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route (most vaccines)
- Oral route (sabine polio vaccine)
- Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
- Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza vaccine)
Hazards of Immunization
- Reactions inherent to inoculation
- Reactions due to faulty techniques
- Reactions due to hypersensitivity
- Neurological involvement
The Cold Chain
- A system of storage and transport of vaccines at low temperature from the manufacturer to the actual vaccination site
- Necessary to prevent vaccine failure due to failure to store and transport under strict temperature controls
- Vaccines that must be stored in the freezer compartment: polio and measles
- Vaccines that must be stored in the cold part but never allowed to freeze: typhoid, DPT, tetanus toxoid, BCG
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Description
Test your knowledge on active and passive immunity, including their advantages and disadvantages, types of vaccines, and the cold chain. Learn about innate and acquired immunity, natural and artificial immunization, and more.
