Immunity Basics and Vaccine Types

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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended action for children aged 6-9 months receiving the measles vaccine?

They should receive only one dose.

They must wait until 12 months to receive a second dose.

They should be isolated for four days after vaccination.

They should receive a second dose as soon as possible after 9 months. (correct)

Why should malnourished children with measles be isolated?

To reduce the risk of secondary infections.

To monitor their nutritional intake during illness.

To prevent transmission of the virus to healthy children. (correct)

To avoid complications related to malnutrition.

How can vitamin A be administered according to the content?

Only after measles symptoms appear.

Anytime regardless of vaccination schedule.

At the same time as the measles vaccine in deficient areas. (correct)

Only during hospitalization for measles.

What is the primary method of hepatitis B transmission mentioned?

By sharing unsterilized needles or syringes. Signup and view all the answers

When is the designated immunization day in government health facilities?

On Wednesdays unless revised by local customs. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed by the body's own immune system?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to passive immunity over time?

It wanes after a few weeks or months Signup and view all the answers

How do live-attenuated vaccines function in the body?

They cause no or very mild disease due to weakened pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes inactivated vaccines?

They use killed microorganisms that cannot cause disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines uses a specific, isolated protein of a pathogen?

Subunit vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?

To help the immune system recognize and fight pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of live-attenuated vaccines?

They can grow in a vaccinated individual with mild effects Signup and view all the answers

Which types of vaccines are effective against life-threatening diseases?

Vaccines of all types can protect against various diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the effectiveness of the measles vaccine?

85% Signup and view all the answers

What age group is at greatest risk of developing severe Rotavirus infection?

Children aged 6 to 24 months Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is particularly responsible for causing severe illnesses like meningitis and pneumonia in children?

Hib vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended when administering vaccines to infants?

Mixing different vaccines in one syringe before injection Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is specifically indicated for administration as a birth dose?

Monovalent hepatitis B vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence for coadministration of vaccines?

OPV first, followed by Rotavirus vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What must not happen when administering the OPV vaccine?

Letting the dropper touch the child's tongue Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding vaccination series for infants?

All EPI antigens can be administered at the same time Signup and view all the answers

What is the target percentage for immunization of infants/children against common vaccine-preventable diseases in the Philippines?

100% Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for calculating the vaccine requirements at the RHU/health center level?

Public Health Nurse Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to estimate the number of pregnant women in the eligible population?

total population x 3.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct temperature range for storing OPV vaccines?

-15 to -25⁰C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is stored in the refrigerator at temperatures of +2 to +8⁰C?

Measles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Cold Chain Officer?

Maintain cold chain equipment and supplies Signup and view all the answers

In the event of an electrical breakdown, what should the Cold Chain Officer implement?

An emergency plan for the cold chain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following requirements is significant for maintaining the potency of EPI vaccines?

Maintain the cold chain Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccines should not be stored in the freezer due to potential damage?

Hepatitis B vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration for which multidose vaccines can be used after opening?

4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a requirement to use multidose vials post-opening?

The vaccine has been contaminated Signup and view all the answers

What should the VVM on a vaccine vial help to indicate?

The cumulative heat exposure of the vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What special precaution must be taken with BCG vaccine?

Protect it from sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with reconstituted freeze-dried vaccines after 6 hours?

Discard them Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can a multidose vial be opened for one or two clients?

If the health worker believes the client won't return Signup and view all the answers

What storage guideline should be followed to maintain vaccine potency?

Abide by the first expiry-first out (FEFO) policy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunity: Active & Passive

Active immunity is acquired through exposure to an antigen.
The immune system develops its own antibodies to fight off the antigen.
This type of immunity tends to be long-lasting, often persisting for a lifetime.
Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual, typically via injection.
This type of immunity is temporary, lasting for a few weeks or months.

Vaccine Types

Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) are produced from weakened disease-causing pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria.
These vaccines stimulate the immune system without causing significant illness.
LAVs have been available since the 1950s.
Inactivated vaccines use killed pathogens that have been rendered harmless through physical or chemical processes.
Because they are inactive, they cannot cause disease.
Subunit vaccines only present specific antigens to the immune system, rather than the whole pathogen.
A common type is protein-based subunit vaccines, which use a specific, isolated protein from a pathogen.

Measles

Children aged 6-9 months should receive a second dose of measles vaccine if their initial dose occurred before 9 months.
Children hospitalized with measles should be isolated for at least four days after the rash appears.
Malnourished children with measles should be isolated for the duration of their illness.

Vitamin A

Approximately 124 million children under 5 years of age globally suffer from vitamin A deficiency.
In regions with known vitamin A deficiency, the vitamin can be administered alongside the measles vaccine or other recommended EPI vaccines.

Pertussis

Not included in the supplied text.

Tetanus

Not included in the supplied text.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a potentially serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus.
Transmission can occur through:
- Exposure to infected blood, such as through unsterilized needles or syringes.
- Mother-to-child transmission during birth.
- Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids during social interactions.
- Sexual intercourse.

Yellow Fever

Not included in the supplied text.

Infant & Young Children Immunization Schedule

Wednesday is typically designated as immunization day in government health facilities.
The Philippine Department of Health (DOH) prescribes the schedule and method of infant immunization.
The hepatitis B vaccine is administered at birth to reduce the risk of a child becoming a carrier.
Measles vaccine is 85% effective.
Rotavirus vaccine and Hib vaccine were introduced as part of EPI in 2012.
Rotavirus is a common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children.
Hib is a bacterium responsible for serious illnesses such as meningitis and pneumonia, particularly affecting children under 5 years of age, especially those between 4 and 18 months.

Immunization Administration: Key Considerations

Use a sterile syringe and needle for each client.
Vaccination series do not need to be restarted, regardless of the time lapsed between doses.
EPI antigens are safe and effective when administered simultaneously, but at different sites.
Mixing different vaccines in one syringe or using a fluid vaccine to reconstitute a freeze-dried vaccine is not recommended.
OPV is administered orally, by dropping it onto the child's tongue.
Only monovalent hepatitis B vaccine should be used for the birth dose, as pentavalent vaccine is not suitable for newborns.
The recommended sequence for coadministration of vaccines is OPV, followed by Rotavirus vaccine, and then other appropriate vaccines.

Target Setting & Vaccine Requirements

The EPI goal in the Philippines is to achieve 100% immunization of infants and children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
The public health nurse at each RHU/health center level is responsible for monitoring vaccine allocation and requirement calculations.

Maintaining Potency of EPI Vaccines

Cold Chain Management:
- The cold chain ensures the potency of vaccines from manufacturing until administration.
- The Cold Chain Officer is responsible for maintaining equipment and supplies related to cold chain management.
- The public health nurse at the RHU/health center level typically acts as the Cold Chain Officer.
- OPV should be stored at -15 to 25°C in a freezer.
- Other vaccines, such as Measles, MMR, and Rotavirus, are stored in a refrigerator at +2 to +8°C.
- Hepatitis B, Pentavalent, Rotavirus, and TT are damaged by freezing.
- Diluted vaccines should be stored in the refrigerator on the lower shelves or door shelves.
Other Important Considerations:
- First-expiry-first-out (FEFO) policy should be followed.
- Recommended storage and transport durations should be adhered to.
- VVM should be monitored.
- The DOH's open-vial policy should be strictly followed.
- Freeze-dried vaccines should be reconstituted only with the diluents provided.
- Reconstituted freeze-dried vaccines should be discarded 6 hours after reconstitution or at the end of the immunization session, whichever occurs sooner.
- BCG should be protected from sunlight, and Rotavirus vaccine should be shielded from light.
Side Effects & Adverse Reactions:
- Vaccine recipients or their guardians should be informed of potential side effects or adverse reactions.

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Description

Explore the differences between active and passive immunity in this quiz. Learn about various vaccine types, including live-attenuated, inactivated, and subunit vaccines. Test your understanding of how these components work to protect against disease.