Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Review

Periodic Table

• Newly discovered elements: Nihonium (Nh), Moscovium (Mc), Tennessine (Ts), and Oganesson (Og)

Group IA: Alkali Metals

• Hydrogen (H): most abundant element in the universe, lightest element, and commercially produced through the Messerschmitt Process
• Isotopes of hydrogen: protium, deuterium (heavy hydrogen), and tritium (radioactive)

Group IIIA: Boron Group

• Boron (B): bridge element, resembles silicon, and toxic in the form of boric acid
• Aluminum (Al): most abundant metal in the earth's crust, third most abundant element, and has a positive result for Thenard's blue test
• Aluminum compounds: AlCl3*6H2O (astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, deodorant), AlNH4 (antiperspirant, astringent), and Al(OH)3 (antacid, used to treat hyperphosphatemia)
• Gallium (Ga): "Eka-aluminum" and used to treat cancer-related hypercalcemia
• Thallium (Tl): "green twig" and formerly used as an insecticide

Group IVA: Carbon Group

• Carbon (C): only atom that can form multiple bonds with itself, has two forms (crystalline and amorphous), and is a key component of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): used in soft drinks, has a gray cylinder, and is a respiratory stimulant
• Carbon monoxide (CO): systemic poison, binds to hemoglobin, and has a cherry red blood color

Group IVA (continued)

• Silicon (Si): resembles carbon, has a high melting point, and is used in the production of glass
• Silicon compounds: SiO2 (very fine, used in filtering agents, and can cause silicosis when inhaled), and silicones (simethicone and dimethicone)
• Germanium (Ge): "Eka-silicon" and has immune system-enhancing and antitumor effects

Group VIIA: Halogens

• Fluorine (F): strongest oxidizing agent, most electronegative, and has a greenish-yellow color
• Fluorine compounds: NaF (anticariogenic, 2%), SnF2 (anticariogenic, 8%), and CCl2F2 (Freon, refrigerant, and aerosol propellant)
• Chlorine (Cl): used as a water disinfectant, and has a yellow-green color
• Chlorine compounds: Cl2 (chlorine gas), HCl (muriatic acid), and diluted HCl (used to treat achlorhydria)

Group VIIA (continued)

• Bromine (B): has a dark reddish-brown color, is toxic, and has a sedative and depressant effect
• Iodine (I): essential for the thyroid gland, has a violet color, and is used to treat iodine deficiency
• Iodine compounds: Iodine tincture (2%), Iodine solution (2%), and Lugol's solution (5%)

Group VIIB: Manganese Subgroup

• Manganese (Mn): cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, and fatty and cholesterol synthesis, and is toxic in high amounts
• Technetium (Tc): first element produced artificially, and used in radiopharmaceuticals

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

• Helium (He): second lightest gas, used in synthetic airs, and has a brown container
• Neon (Ne): used for advertising purposes
• Argon (Ar): most abundant noble gas, substitute for N2, and used in lighting
• Krypton (Kr): least abundant noble gas, and used as an investigational anesthetic
• Xenon (Xe): used as an investigational anesthetic
• Radon (Rn): synthetic and radioactive noble gas, used to treat cancer