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Questions and Answers
Which of the following weak bases is noted for its poor water solubility in neutral conditions?
Which of the following weak bases is noted for its poor water solubility in neutral conditions?
- Phenobarbital
- Sulfadiazine
- Diphenhydramine
- Atropine (correct)
What happens to weak acids in a basic solution?
What happens to weak acids in a basic solution?
- They precipitate immediately.
- They become more acidic.
- They have no effect on the solution.
- They form water-soluble salts. (correct)
Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of common salts of alkali metals?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of common salts of alkali metals?
- They only dissolve in acidic solutions.
- They are typically water soluble. (correct)
- They are generally insoluble in water.
- They have varying solubility based on pH.
Which compound is an exception to the general rule of water-soluble nitrates?
Which compound is an exception to the general rule of water-soluble nitrates?
When the pH of a solution containing a weak base is increased, what effect does this have?
When the pH of a solution containing a weak base is increased, what effect does this have?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a multivalent cation with poor water solubility?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a multivalent cation with poor water solubility?
Which salts are generally considered to be insoluble in water, except for their alkali metal salts?
Which salts are generally considered to be insoluble in water, except for their alkali metal salts?
What is the solubility expression for a salt in water?
What is the solubility expression for a salt in water?
What happens to solubility when excess solute is added to a saturated solution and temperature is increased?
What happens to solubility when excess solute is added to a saturated solution and temperature is increased?
Which statement best differentiates between solubility and dissolution rate?
Which statement best differentiates between solubility and dissolution rate?
How does temperature generally affect the solubility of most chemicals?
How does temperature generally affect the solubility of most chemicals?
What role does agitation play in the dissolution process?
What role does agitation play in the dissolution process?
What additional factors can affect the solubility of a substance apart from temperature?
What additional factors can affect the solubility of a substance apart from temperature?
Which factor is NOT directly related to increasing the solubility of a solute?
Which factor is NOT directly related to increasing the solubility of a solute?
How does the pH of a solution affect the solubility of organic medicinal agents?
How does the pH of a solution affect the solubility of organic medicinal agents?
Which process is described as the dispersion or dissociation of a solute in a solvent?
Which process is described as the dispersion or dissociation of a solute in a solvent?
What is the primary purpose of using excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the primary purpose of using excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which type of dosage form is NOT considered a semi-solid dosage form?
Which type of dosage form is NOT considered a semi-solid dosage form?
Why are enteric-coated tablets specifically designed?
Why are enteric-coated tablets specifically designed?
Which of the following is classified as a bulk solid dosage form?
Which of the following is classified as a bulk solid dosage form?
Which route of administration does NOT include dosage forms such as syrups or solutions?
Which route of administration does NOT include dosage forms such as syrups or solutions?
What is the function of diluents in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the function of diluents in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of these statements is true regarding the physical forms of dosage forms?
Which of these statements is true regarding the physical forms of dosage forms?
What is a common reason for formulating drugs into discreet dosage forms?
What is a common reason for formulating drugs into discreet dosage forms?
What is the primary purpose of providing liquid preparations in pharmaceuticals?
What is the primary purpose of providing liquid preparations in pharmaceuticals?
What type of dosage form is used to offer a rate-controlled drug action?
What type of dosage form is used to offer a rate-controlled drug action?
Which of the following statements about suspensions is true?
Which of the following statements about suspensions is true?
What term describes the concentration at which a solvent has dissolved all of the solute?
What term describes the concentration at which a solvent has dissolved all of the solute?
Which of the following is an optimal method for drug action via inhalation therapy?
Which of the following is an optimal method for drug action via inhalation therapy?
What type of forces must be overcome for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?
What type of forces must be overcome for a solute to dissolve in a solvent?
Which process is used to prepare a saturated solution?
Which process is used to prepare a saturated solution?
What is the significance of using topical dosage forms like ointments and creams?
What is the significance of using topical dosage forms like ointments and creams?
What is the primary reason purified water is preferred over tap water in pharmaceutical preparations?
What is the primary reason purified water is preferred over tap water in pharmaceutical preparations?
Which of the following methods is NOT used in the preparation of Purified Water?
Which of the following methods is NOT used in the preparation of Purified Water?
What is a key characteristic of Water for Injection, USP, compared to Purified Water, USP?
What is a key characteristic of Water for Injection, USP, compared to Purified Water, USP?
Which type of resin is used in the ion exchange method for cation exchange?
Which type of resin is used in the ion exchange method for cation exchange?
What percentage of ions does reverse osmosis typically remove from water?
What percentage of ions does reverse osmosis typically remove from water?
What is the acceptable total solids content for Purified Water, USP?
What is the acceptable total solids content for Purified Water, USP?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP?
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP?
What distinguishes demineralized water from distilled water?
What distinguishes demineralized water from distilled water?
Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
- Dosage forms are formulated to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug dosages.
- Excipients are non-medicinal ingredients that improve drug handling and stability.
- Excipients can solubilize, suspend, thicken, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, color, and flavor drugs.
Types of Dosage Forms
Liquid Dosage Forms
- Monophasic: Solutions and Syrups are homogeneous mixtures
- Biphasic: Suspensions and Emulsions are heterogeneous mixtures
Solid Dosage Forms
- One Unit: Tablets and Capsules are individual doses
- Bulk: Powders, Granules, and Dusting powders are for multiple doses
Semisolid Dosage Forms
- Gels, Pastes, Creams, and Ointments are viscous mixtures
Gaseous Dosage Forms
- Inhalers and Aerosols deliver medication through inhalation
Solubility
- Solubility: The maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
- Saturated solutions contain the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature.
- Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than the solvent can normally hold at a given temperature.
- Solubility depends on the attractive forces between solute and solvent molecules.
Solubility vs Dissolution
- Dissolution: The process of a solute dissolving in a solvent to form a solution.
- Solubility: The endpoint result of the dissolution process.
- Dissolution is a kinetic process (rate of dissolution) while solubility is an equilibrium state (maximum concentration).
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Chemical Salt Form: Changing the chemical salt form can alter solubility.
- Temperature: Most substances exhibit increased solubility at higher temperatures.
- Agitation: Increased agitation speeds up the dissolution rate.
- pH: Solubility of weak acids or bases changes with solution pH.
General Rules of Solubility for Inorganic Molecules
- Monovalent Ions: Salts with both cation and anion being monovalent are generally water soluble.
- Alkali Metal Salts: Common salts of alkali metals are usually water soluble.
- Hydroxides and Oxides: Generally insoluble except for alkali metal salts.
- Sulfides: Insoluble except for their alkali metal salts.
Purified Water, USP
- Use: Used in the preparation of aqueous dosage forms except for parenteral administrations.
- Purity: Contains less than 1% dissolved solids compared to tap water.
- Preparation Methods: Distillation, Ion Exchange, and Reverse Osmosis.
Solvents and Vehicles for Injections
- Water for Injection, USP: Most commonly used solvent for injections.
- Non-Sterility: Although not required to be sterile, it must be pyrogen-free.
- Preparation: Prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis and undergoes sterilization after preparation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various pharmaceutical dosage forms and their components. This quiz covers liquid, solid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms, as well as the roles of excipients and solubility concepts. Perfect for students and professionals in pharmacy and healthcare.
