Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Overview

Monophasic forms include solutions and syrups, while biphasic forms consist of suspensions and emulsions.

Excipients solubilize, suspend, thicken, dilute, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, and enhance the appeal of medicinal agents in dosage forms.

Dosage forms provide safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosages while protecting active ingredients from environmental factors.

<p>Solid dosage forms are classified into one unit (e.g., tablets, capsules) and bulk (e.g., powders, granules).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enteric-coated tablets protect the drug from gastric acid after oral administration, ensuring its release in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical, parenteral, and oral dosage forms are three examples based on the route of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creams are oil-in-water emulsions, while ointments are primarily oil-based or water-free formulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flavorings help to conceal the bitter or offensive taste of drugs, improving patient compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main methods are distillation, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ordinary drinking water is unsuitable due to the presence of dissolved solids that may cause chemical incompatibilities with medicinal agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water for Injection, USP is significant as it serves as the primary solvent for injectable products and must be pyrogen-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must not contain more than 1 mg of total solids per 100 mL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse osmosis removes virtually all viruses, bacteria, pyrogens, and organic molecules, ensuring high water purity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A suspension is a liquid preparation containing insoluble or unstable substances that require stabilization for effective drug delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlled-release drug formulations release medication at a predetermined rate, optimizing therapeutic effects over extended periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonding greatly influences solubility by affecting the interactions between solute and solvent molecules, often enhancing solubility in polar solvents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution is saturated when no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature, indicating the maximum solute concentration for that solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical forms deliver medication directly to the site of action on the skin or mucous membranes, enhancing local therapeutic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermolecular forces dictate how solute and solvent molecules interact, influencing whether a substance will dissolve fully in a solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation therapy allows for direct delivery of medications to the respiratory system, providing rapid onset of action and targeted effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-dipole forces facilitate the interaction between ions and polar solvent molecules, enhancing solubility in solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium hydroxide has a much lower solubility (140 mg per 100 mL) compared to potassium iodide (100 g per 100 mL), indicating significant differences in their solubility profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repulsive forces can hinder the solvation process, making it more difficult for the solute to dissolve and achieve saturation in the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weak bases may precipitate as the solution becomes less acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbiturates and sulfonamides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If both the cation and anion are monovalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are generally water soluble, with an exception for Li2CO3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxides and oxides of compounds other than alkali metal cations and ammonium ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium sulfate (CaSO4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfides are usually water insoluble except for their alkali metal salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a tendency to dissociate more readily in solvation, improving solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salts of silver and mercurous ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attraction between the ions may hinder solute-solvent interactions, leading to low solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solubility of the solute increases, allowing more solute to dissolve and potentially creating a supersaturated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility is the maximum capacity of a solute to dissolve in a solvent, while dissolution rate is the speed at which the solute dissolves in the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The choice of solvent can dramatically increase solubility, as seen with iodine, which is more soluble in solutions containing iodide salts than in pure water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most chemicals have a positive heat of solution, meaning their solubility increases with rising temperature due to heat absorption during dissolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agitation enhances solubility by increasing the contact of unsaturated solvent with the solute, thereby accelerating the dissolving process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solubility of weak acids and bases is heavily dependent on the pH of the solution, affecting their ionic form and thus their solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller particle sizes increase the surface area in contact with the solvent, leading to a faster rate of dissolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For a given temperature, the solubility of a pure chemical substance remains constant, although pressure can affect gas solubility in liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solubility of a solute is influenced by the chemical and physical properties of both the solute and solvent, which affects their interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A supersaturated solution contains more solute than can normally dissolve at a given temperature and pressure, whereas a saturated solution has just enough solute to remain in equilibrium with the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers