Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Excipients
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of formulating drugs into dosage forms?

  • Increasing drug potency (correct)
  • Providing accurate dosage
  • Protecting drug substances from humidity
  • Concealing unpleasant tastes

    • Excipients are active pharmaceutical ingredients.

    False

    What are the two main classifications of dosage forms based on their physical form?

    Solid, Liquid, Semisolid, Gas

    An example of a __________ dosage form is a tablet.

    <p>solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of dosage form with its appropriate example:

    <p>Tablet = Solid Dosage Form Syrup = Liquid Dosage Form Ointment = Semisolid Dosage Form Aerosol = Gaseous Dosage Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dosage forms is NOT classified as a solid dosage form?

    <p>Gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biphasic liquid dosage forms include solutions and syrups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of using enteric-coated tablets.

    <p>To protect the drug from gastric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the rate of filtration according to Darcy's equation?

    <p>dv/dt = K × A × ΔΡ/ η × 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The viscosity of a medium has no impact on the rate of filtration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of media used in filtration systems.

    <p>Woven materials, porous plates, membrane filters, or granular materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for __________ use.

    <p>oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about elixirs is true?

    <p>Elixirs can maintain both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicated elixirs are primarily used for therapeutic effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of oral rehydration salts (ORS)?

    <p>To treat mild volume depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thickness of the __________ layer affects the rate of filtration.

    <p>cake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ORS solutions should be mixed with fruit juices for enhanced effectiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of filters with their descriptions:

    <p>Woven materials = Made from cotton, wool, or similar materials Porous plates = Constructed from substances like stones or ceramic Membrane filter = Contains channel-like pores of different sizes Granular materials = Utilized for simple clarification or filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary osmotic agent used in the oral colonic lavage solution?

    <p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical ORS contains 45 mEq of Na⁺, 20 mEq of K⁺, 35 mEq of Cl⁻, and ______ mEq of citrate.

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of ORS with their quantities:

    <p>Sodium (Na⁺) = 45 mEq Potassium (K⁺) = 20 mEq Chloride (Cl⁻) = 35 mEq Citrate = 30 mEq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major advantage of the new method for bowel preparation?

    <p>It reduces the need for dietary restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ORs solutions have increased the incidence of complications related to electrolyte solutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What volume and characteristics does the reconstituted oral colonic lavage solution have?

    <p>Iso-osmotic solution with a mild salty taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weak bases is NOT mentioned in the content?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All salts of alkali metals are generally soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances form water-soluble salts in basic solutions?

    <p>Weak acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pH of a solution containing weak bases is increased, the free base may __________.

    <p>precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of common salts of alkali metals?

    <p>They are usually water soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their solubility characteristics:

    <p>NaCl = Generally water soluble CaSO4 = Poor water solubility BaSO4 = Poor water solubility NH4NO3 = Generally water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydroxides of alkali metal cations are generally insoluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for expressing solubility in a saturated solution?

    <p>grams of solute per milliliters of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using talc in the preparation of elixirs?

    <p>To absorb excessive oils for easier removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonmedicated elixirs can only be used as a diluent and have no other purpose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common unwanted effect of antihistamines.

    <p>Sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three most commonly used nonmedicated elixirs include Aromatic elixir, Compound benzaldehyde elixir, and __________ elixir.

    <p>Isoalcoholic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elixirs with their primary uses:

    <p>Antihistamine Elixir = Symptomatic relief of allergic disorders Barbiturate Sedative Elixir = Reduces restlessness and emotional tension Barbiturate Hypnotic Elixir = Relieves insomnia Nonmedicated Elixirs = Diluent for medicated elixirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consideration when selecting a nonmedicated elixir as a diluent?

    <p>The diluent's alcoholic concentration should match that of the medicated elixir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturate overdose can lead to respiratory depression and death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be warned against when taking antihistamines?

    <p>Engaging in activities requiring mental alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dosage form is used for providing optimal drug action from topical administration sites?

    <p>Ointments and creams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of a substance indicates the minimum concentration of that substance in a solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a solution that has dissolved all of the solute at a given temperature?

    <p>Saturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When excess solid solute is added to a saturated solution and the temperature is increased, the solution becomes __________.

    <p>supersaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dosage form with its corresponding drug administration method:

    <p>Transdermal patches = Topical administration Rectal suppositories = Insertion into body orifices Inhalants = Inhalation therapy Injections = Direct bloodstream placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forces is responsible for the cohesion of molecules?

    <p>Attractive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonding is an example of a weak attraction that contributes to solubility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a saturated solution mentioned.

    <p>Calcium hydroxide topical solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of preparation for Purified Water is known for removing almost all viruses and bacteria?

    <p>Reverse osmosis method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purified Water, USP, is safe for use in preparing solutions for injections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable concentration of total solids in Water for Injection, USP?

    <p>1 mg/100 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ion exchange method uses cation and anion exchangers made of __________ materials.

    <p>synthetic resins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of water with their characteristics:

    <p>Purified Water, USP = Contains low dissolved solids and not for injections Water for Injection, USP = Used in the manufacture of injectable products Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP = Contains bacteriostatic agent and used for injections Sterile Water for Injection, USP = Must be sterile and pyrogen-free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about distilled water is correct?

    <p>It is produced from boiling and condensing water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water for Injection, USP, must be sterilized before use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purified Water, USP, has __________ % as much dissolved solids compared to tap water.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solvents is primarily used as an auxiliary solvent in pharmaceutical preparations due to its viscosity and sweet taste?

    <p>Glycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecules with straight-chain compounds are generally more soluble than those with branched chains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary solvent preferred for solutions taken orally, ophthalmically, or parenterally?

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular formula for Ethanol is __________.

    <p>C2H5OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following solvents with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Ethanol = Primary solvent for organic compounds Diluted Alcohol = Mixture of alcohol and water Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol = Used externally as a rubefacient Glycerin = Viscous liquid with preservative qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules and solubility?

    <p>Branched-chain molecules tend to have higher solubility than straight chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All phosphates are water-soluble regardless of their chemical composition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give one example of a fixed oil used as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations.

    <p>corn oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Sterile Water for Injection, USP?

    <p>To act as a diluent for injectable medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriostatic Water for Injection is packaged in containers larger than 30 mL.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of strength is commonly used to express the concentrations of pharmaceutical preparations?

    <p>percent strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacists prefer NOT to use ________ to facilitate the dissolution of solutes.

    <p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of water with their characteristics:

    <p>Sterile Water for Injection = Used as a diluent for injectable medications Bacteriostatic Water for Injection = Contains antimicrobial agents Preparation of Solutions = Often unsaturated with solute Percent Strength = Commonly used to express concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used by pharmacists to increase the rate of solution?

    <p>Applying heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium salts dissolve without releasing heat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmaceutical solutions are typically ________ with solute.

    <p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the settling velocity of suspended materials?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration is a method that can be used to remove large quantities of suspended material efficiently.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the settling method based on?

    <p>The settling method is based on allowing products to stand still for separation due to gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settling velocity, represented as V, is calculated using the formula V = $\frac{d^2(p-p)g}{18η}$ where g is the __________ constant.

    <p>gravitational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each method of clarification with its appropriate feature:

    <p>Settling method = Uses gravity to separate particles over time Filtration = Involves passing liquid through a filter media Centrifuge clarification = Increases gravitational effects for separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the choice of clarification methods?

    <p>Faster methods are generally preferred over slower ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Percolation is a complex method that involves multiple filtration stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether the settling of suspended materials occurs upward or downward?

    <p>The specific gravity or density of the suspended materials compared to the liquid medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of excipients in drug formulations?

    <p>They provide various functionalities like solubilization and stabilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liquid dosage forms can be classified into monophasic and biphasic categories.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a type of semisolid dosage form.

    <p>Gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dosage forms are crucial for providing __________ dosage delivery.

    <p>accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a solid dosage form?

    <p>Tablet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dosage form type with its corresponding example:

    <p>Tablet = Solid Dosage Forms Syrup = Liquid Dosage Forms Gel = Semisolid Dosage Forms Aerosol = Gaseous Dosage Forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excipients are always active pharmaceutical ingredients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main reason drugs are formulated into dosage forms?

    <p>To protect the drug substance from harmful influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic molecule typically exhibits increased solubility?

    <p>Branched-chain molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is the least preferred solvent for formulations intended for oral consumption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic that water must ideally possess as a solvent.

    <p>Low toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycerin is often used as a stabilizer and auxiliary solvent in conjunction with ______.

    <p>water or alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following solvents with their primary applications:

    <p>Ethanol = Primary solvent for organic compounds Glycerin = Stabilizer and auxiliary solvent Propylene Glycol = Substitute for glycerin Rubbing Alcohol = Used externally as a rubefacient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the solubility of molecules as their molecular weight increases?

    <p>Solubility decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All hypochlorites are generally water-soluble.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of diluted alcohol?

    <p>Equal volumes of alcohol, USP and purified water, USP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Sterile Water for Injection?

    <p>To act as a diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriostatic Water for Injection can contain antimicrobial agents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common technique used to reduce the particle size of a solute?

    <p>Comminution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most pharmaceutical solutions are __________ with solute.

    <p>unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of water with their characteristics:

    <p>Sterile Water for Injection = Single-dose container, no larger than 1 L Bacteriostatic Water for Injection = Contains antimicrobial agents, packaged in 30 mL or less Purified Water = Used for preparing solutions for injections Distilled Water = Obtained by boiling and condensing water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of heat application when preparing solutions?

    <p>It can lead to the loss of volatile solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacists prefer to use high temperatures to enhance the solubility of medications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The symbol % used without qualification indicates percent weight in __________ for solutions of solids in liquids.

    <p>volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of elixirs with more than 10% alcohol content?

    <p>They are generally self-preserving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs generally contain no flavorings to improve taste.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one solvent frequently used in elixirs besides alcohol and water.

    <p>glycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are usually prepared by simple solution with __________ and/or by admixture of two or more liquid ingredients.

    <p>agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sweetener is commonly used in elixirs with high alcohol content?

    <p>Saccharin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elixir components with their purposes:

    <p>Alcohol = Solvent for alcohol-soluble materials Sucrose = Sweetening agent Flavorings = Improves palatability Coloring agents = Enhances appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elixirs are less flexible in dosage administration compared to solid dosage forms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of using elixirs for children and adults who avoid alcohol?

    <p>Alcohol content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reconstituting a dry powder mixture before dispensing?

    <p>To provide a stable solution for administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral rehydration solutions are used to treat dehydration resulting from diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are considered for the effective use of a drug?

    <p>Absorption, distribution, and other properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After reconstitution, the oral solution should be stored in the __________ for a recommended period.

    <p>refrigerator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their roles in oral solutions:

    <p>Flavorant = Enhances taste Buffer = Maintains pH Electrolytes = Replaces lost ions Solvent = Dissolves the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is advised for patients regarding leftover oral medication after completing their course?

    <p>Discard the remaining portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral rehydration solutions should include high levels of sodium to be effective.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarrhea can result in the loss of __________ and bicarbonate ions, leading to dehydration.

    <p>sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

    • Drug substances are typically administered as part of a formulation with excipients (non-medicinal agents).
    • Excipients play various roles like solubilizing, suspending, thickening, and preserving the drug substance in the dosage form.
    • Dosage forms are classified based on the route of administration and their physical form.
    • Common dosage forms include:
      • Liquid:
        • Monophasic: solutions, syrups
        • Biphasic: suspensions, emulsions
      • Solid: tablets, capsules
      • Semisolid: gels, pastes, creams, ointments
      • Gas: inhalers, aerosols

    Drug Formulation and Excipients

    • Drug: Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
    • Excipients: Inactive ingredients used for technological, biopharmaceutical, and stability reasons. Common examples include:
      • Diluents/Fillers: Add bulk to dosage forms
      • Binders: Hold ingredients together
      • Lubricants: Prevent sticking during manufacturing
      • Disintegrants: Help the dosage form break down in the body
      • Coatings: Protect the drug and control its release
      • Preservatives and Stabilizers: Extend shelf life and maintain quality
      • Colorants and Flavorings: Improve appearance and taste

    Reasons for Dosage Forms

    • Dosage forms provide a mechanism for safe and convenient delivery of accurate drug doses.
    • They protect the drug substance from degradation by atmospheric oxygen or humidity, or from gastric acid in oral administration.
    • They help mask unpleasant tastes or odors.
    • They facilitate administration of insoluble or unstable drugs in liquid form.

    Solubility and General Rules

    • Solubility is affected by the chemical nature of the drug and the solvent.
    • Inorganic Molecules:
      • Salts with monovalent cations and anions are usually water soluble (e.g., NaCl).
      • Salts with one monovalent and one multivalent ion are usually water soluble (e.g., BaCl2).
      • Salts with multivalent cations and anions may have poor water solubility (e.g., CaSO4).
      • Alkali metal salts (Na, K, Li, Cs, Rb) are generally water soluble.
      • Ammonium and quaternary ammonium salts are water soluble.
      • Nitrates, nitrites, acetates are generally water soluble.
      • Sulfates, sulfites, and thiosulfates are generally water soluble (exceptions: calcium and barium salts).
      • Chlorides, bromides, and iodides are water soluble (exceptions: salts of silver and mercurous ions).
      • Acid salts corresponding to an insoluble salt are more water soluble.
      • Hydroxides and oxides of compounds other than alkali metals and ammonium are generally water insoluble.
      • Sulfides are water insoluble except for their alkali metal salts.

    Filtration Rate

    • Darcy's Equation: dv/dt = K×A× ΔΡ/ η×1

      • dv/dt: Rate of filtration
      • K: Constant
      • A: Surface area
      • ΔΡ: Pressure difference
      • η: Viscosity
      • I: Thickness of cake layer

    • Factors affecting filtration rate:

      • Increased surface area leads to faster filtration.
      • Increased pressure accelerates the process.
      • Different types of filters and equipment are used based on particle size and quantity.

    Elixirs

    • Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use, often flavored for palatability.
    • They are less sweet and viscous than syrups, but better at maintaining both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components in solution.
    • Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are electrolyte solutions used for mild dehydration.
      • A typical ORS contains: 45 mEq Na⁺, 20 mEq K⁺, 35 mEq CI⁻, 30 mEq citrate, and 25 g dextrose.

    Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

    • Used for bowel preparation before procedures like colonoscopy.
    • Contains balanced electrolytes and polyethylene glycol (PEG-3350) for osmotic action.
    • Large volume can be administered without significant electrolyte imbalance.

    Nonmedicated Elixirs

    • Used as vehicles for drugs or to dilute existing medicated elixirs.
    • Selection criteria include compatibility with the drug's solubility, stability, and flavor of the elixir.

    Medicated Elixirs

    • Employed for the therapeutic benefit of the medicinal agent.

    • Examples:*

    • Antihistamine elixirs: Provide symptomatic relief for allergic disorders, but may cause sedation and other adverse effects.

    • Barbiturate sedative and hypnotic elixirs: Depress the central nervous system, used for sedation and sleep, with potential for overdose.

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Oral Administration: Drugs are swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract
    • Topical Administration: Drugs are applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes
    • Rectal or Vaginal Administration: Drugs are inserted into the rectum or vagina
    • Parenteral Administration: Drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream or body tissues
    • Inhalation Administration: Drugs are inhaled into the lungs

    Solubility

    • Solute Solubility: The maximum concentration of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature
    • Saturated Solution: A solution where no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature
    • Super-Saturated Solution: A solution that contains more dissolved solute than it normally can at a given temperature
    • Factors Influencing Solubility:
      • Polarity: Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes
      • Molecular Weight: Solubility decreases as molecular weight increases
      • Structural Similarity: Similar structures between solute and solvent enhance solubility

    Official Solvents

    • Alcohol, USP (Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol): Used as a primary solvent for organic compounds
    • Diluted Alcohol, NF: A mixture of equal volumes of alcohol and purified water
    • Alcohol, Rubbing: Contains about 70% ethyl alcohol, used externally as a rubefacient
    • Glycerin, USP (Glycerol): A syrupy liquid used as a stabilizer and auxiliary solvent
    • Propylene Glycol, USP: A viscous liquid frequently substituted for glycerin
    • Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol: Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing agent
    • Purified Water, USP: The most frequently used solvent in pharmaceutical preparations, but not for injections
    • Water for Injection, USP: Purified water used for manufacturing injections
    • Sterile Water for Injection, USP: Sterile water for injection, used as a solvent for already sterilized medications
    • Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP: Sterile water containing antimicrobial agents, used for small volumes of injectables

    Preparation of Solutions

    • Strength of Solutions: Usually expressed as a percentage or ratio strength
    • Factors Affecting Solution Preparation:
      • Time: Some solutes require extended time to dissolve
      • Temperature: Heat can accelerate dissolution, but must be used cautiously
      • Particle Size: Reduced particle size increases surface area and promotes faster dissolution
      • Solubilizing Agents: Substances that can enhance solubility

    Clarification of Solutions

    • Settling: Allowing suspended particles to settle based on density differences
    • Filtration: Using a filter media to remove suspended particles
    • Percolation: A simple filtration method using a piece of cotton or cloth
    • Centrifugation: Using a centrifuge to accelerate settling
    • Factors Affecting Clarification:
      • Properties of suspended material: Size, shape, and density
      • Quantity of material: Filtration is suitable for small amounts, other methods for larger volumes
      • Characteristics of the liquid media: Viscosity, temperature sensitivity
      • Speed of the method: Faster methods are preferable

    Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

    • Dosage forms are the method of delivering a medication to a patient.
    • Drug substances are administered as part of a formulation in combination with excipients.
    • Excipients are non-medicinal agents that help to solubilize, suspend, thicken, dilute, emulsify, stabilize, preserve, give color or flavor, and fashion the drug into an efficacious and appealing dosage form.
    • Each type of dosage form is unique in its physical and pharmaceutical characteristics.

    Types of Dosage Forms

    • Topical Dosage Forms: Applied to the skin or mucous membranes.
    • Parenteral Dosage Forms: Injected into the body.
    • Vaginal Dosage Forms: Inserted into the vagina.
    • Nasal Dosage Forms: Administered through the nose.
    • Oral Dosage Forms: Taken by mouth.
    • Rectal Dosage Forms: Inserted into the rectum.
    • Respiratory/Inhaled Dosage Forms: Inhaled into the lungs.
    • Ophthalmic Dosage Forms: Applied to the eye.
    • Otic Dosage Forms: Applied to the ear.

    Liquid Dosage Forms

    • Monophasic (one phase):
      • Solution: A homogeneous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
      • Syrup: A concentrated solution of sugar in water.
    • Biphasic (two phases):
      • Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture of solid particles dispersed in a liquid.
      • Emulsion: A heterogeneous mixture of two immiscible liquids, one dispersed in the other.

    Solid Dosage Forms

    • One Unit:
      • Tablets: Solid dosage forms compressed from powdered or granulated materials.
      • Capsules: Solid dosage forms containing a drug in a shell.

    Semisolid Dosage Forms

    • Gel: A semisolid system consisting of a dispersion of small or large molecules in a liquid.
    • Paste: A thick, viscous semisolid preparation containing a high proportion of solid material.
    • Cream: A semisolid emulsion containing a percentage of water.
    • Ointment: A semisolid preparation containing a percentage of oil.

    Gaseous Dosage Forms

    • Inhaler: A device used to deliver a medicine directly into the lungs.
    • Aerosols: Pressurized liquid solutions or suspensions that disperse as a fine spray.

    Why Drugs Are Formulated as Dosage Forms

    • To provide a safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage.
    • To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity.
    • To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration.
    • To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance.
    • To provide liquid preparations of substances that are either insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle.
    • To provide clear liquid dosage forms of substances.

    Terms

    • Drug: The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
    • Excipients: Inactive pharmaceutical ingredients added for technological, biopharmaceutical, and/or stability reasons.

    Organic Molecules

    • Molecules having one polar functional group are usually soluble to a total chain length of five carbons.
    • Molecules having branched chains are more soluble than the corresponding straight-chain compounds.
    • Water solubility decreases with an increase in molecular weight.
    • Increased structural similarity between solute and solvent is accompanied by increased solubility.

    Official Solvents:

    • Alcohol, USP: Used as a primary solvent for many organic compounds.
    • Diluted Alcohol, NF: A mixture of equal volumes of alcohol and water.
    • Alcohol, Rubbing: Used externally as a rubefacient.
    • Glycerin, USP: A clear syrupy viscous liquid with a sweet taste; used as a preservative, stabilizer, and auxiliary solvent.
    • Propylene Glycol, USP: A viscous liquid frequently substituted for glycerin.
    • Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol: Used externally as a rubefacient and soothing.
    • Sterile Water for Injection, USP: Used as a solvent, vehicle, or diluent for already sterilized injectable medications.
    • Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP: Sterile water containing antimicrobial agents, used for small volumes of injectable preparations.

    Preparation of Solutions

    • Most pharmaceutical solutions are unsaturated with solute.
    • Drug strengths are usually expressed as percent strength or ratio strength.
    • Solutions can be prepared by simple dissolution, applying heat, reducing particle size, using a solubilizing agent, or vigorous agitation.
    • Effective dosage forms ensure the drug is effective after administration (absorption, distribution, etc.).

    Dry Mixtures for Solution

    • Some medicines are not stable in aqueous solution and are supplied as dry powder or granules for reconstitution with purified water immediately before dispensing.
    • Reconstituted solutions are typically stable for 7-14 days when refrigerated.
    • Patients should be instructed to discard any remaining medication after completing the prescribed regimen.

    Oral Solutions

    • Pharmacists may dispense commercially prepared oral solutions, dilute solutions, reconstitute dry mixtures, or compound oral solutions from bulk components.
    • The pharmacist should be aware of the dispensed product to advise the patient on proper use, dosage, administration, and storage.

    Oral Rehydration Solutions

    • Rapid fluid loss in diarrhea can lead to dehydration and death, particularly in infants.
    • Oral rehydration solutions are used to replace lost fecal water and electrolytes.
    • These solutions typically contain glucose, sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.

    Elixirs

    • Elixirs are clear, sweetened, flavored hydroalcoholic liquids used for oral administration.
    • They contain a high proportion of alcohol, which acts as a solvent for many medicinal compounds.
    • Elixirs are usually prepared by simple solution with agitation or by admixture of two or more liquid ingredients.
    • Elixirs should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers and protected from excessive heat.

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    Pharmaceutical Technology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of pharmaceutical dosage forms, including their classification based on physical forms and routes of administration. Additionally, it delves into the role of excipients in drug formulation, highlighting their functions and types. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in pharmacology.

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