Questions and Answers
Apixaban is a direct oral ______ used to prevent blood clots.
anticoagulant
It is indicated for non-valvular AF and high risk of ______ or systemic embolism.
stroke
The usual dosing for Apixaban is ______ mg twice daily.
5
Common side effects include ______ and nausea.
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Monitoring should include renal function and signs of unusual ______.
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For patients weighing over 80 years old, the dose adjustments may be based on serum ______ levels.
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Rare side effects of Apixaban may include thrombocytopenia and abnormal ______ function.
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Apixaban should be dosed as 2.5 mg twice daily, starting ______ to 24 hours after surgery.
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Tiotropium is a long-acting ______ antagonist used for COPD.
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Braltus Zonda and Spiriva are both forms of ______.
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Tiotropium + olodaterol is used as an adjunct to ______ in asthma management.
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The beta 2 agonist is administered through the ______ device.
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Patients using Tiotropium may experience ______ as a common side effect.
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Infrequent side effects of Tiotropium include ______ vision.
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Long-acting medications should not be used for immediate symptom ______.
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CAL 22 advises to only use an ______ device for medication administration.
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Do not take aspirin or anti-____________ while being treated with this medicine unless advised.
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Consider reducing the dose after 6 months to 2.5mg bd if extended __________ is needed.
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Avoid activities that increase risk of __________ or injury, e.g. contact sports.
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Amoxicillin is an __________ antibiotic.
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Sx of __________ may include rash, rapid IV, or seizures.
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Clavulanic acid is a beta lactamase __________.
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The recommended dosage for adult UTI is 500-875mg every 12 __________ for 5-10 days.
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Osteoarthritis treatment may involve an __________ injection.
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Acute asthma treatment for children is oral, 1mg/kg (max __________ mg) for 3-5 days.
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Patients may experience __________ retention leading to hypertension.
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A Sx of infection can be rare in COPD __________.
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In regards to kidney function, CrCl below 30mL/min requires dosage __________.
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Caution is advised with the __________ not to be taken as enema/supp.
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It is important to tell the doctor that you are __________.
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Study Notes
Apixaban
- Class: Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC); inhibits factor Xa, preventing blood clots.
- Indications: Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF), high stroke risk, postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention after hip/knee replacement, treatment of acute VTE.
- Dosing:
- AF and systemic embolism: 5mg orally twice daily; reduce to 2.5mg for patients weighing 80+ years or with serum creatinine >133 micromol/L.
- Post knee replacement: 2.5mg orally twice daily starting 12-24 hours after surgery for 10-14 days.
- Post hip replacement: Continue for 32 days.
- Acute VTE: 10mg orally twice daily for 7 days, then 5mg twice daily.
- Common side effects: Nausea, bruising.
- Monitoring: Renal function for dose adjustment, signs of unusual bleeding (bruising, nosebleeds, blood in urine/stools).
- Drug interactions: Adjust dose with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers.
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
- Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic; clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamase to enhance efficacy.
- Indications: Hospital-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), acute cholecystitis, melioidosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymo-orchitis, bites/clenched fist injuries, acute otitis media.
- Dosing:
- Adult oral dosages: 500-875mg every 12 hours for 5-10 days; may increase to 1g IV every 8-6 hours for serious infections (max 2g).
- Common side effects: Transient liver enzyme increase, nausea, diarrhoea.
- Rare side effects: Seizures (rapid IV), rash, Candida infections, injection site pain.
- Monitoring: Liver function (AST/ALT), renal function for dose adjustment, signs of allergic reactions.
Immunity Disorders and Treatments
- Corticosteroids can cause depression, water retention (hypertension), decreased libido, and cataracts.
- Disorders treated: Autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis, acute gout, adrenal insufficiency.
- Common treatments:
- Oral dosing varies based on condition; initial doses may range from 5-60mg, tapering based on response.
- Corticosteroid side effects: Peptic ulceration, weight gain, joint damage.
Tiotropium
- Class: Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Indications: Maintenance treatment for moderate to severe COPD and adjunctive therapy in asthma.
- Dosing:
- Braltus Zonda or Spiriva Handihaler: 1 inhalation (10 mcg) once daily.
- Spiriva Respimat: 2 inhalations (2.5 mcg) once daily.
- Common side effects: Dry mouth, throat irritation.
- Rare side effects: Blurred vision, dizziness, urinary retention, constipation.
- Monitoring: Renal function, pulmonary function tests (spirometry).
General Counselling Points
- Adhere strictly to dosing schedules.
- Avoid abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids without medical guidance.
- Caution regarding interactions with other medications, especially for anticoagulants.
- Report any signs of severe side effects or unusual symptoms to healthcare professionals immediately.
- Educate patients about the risk of infections and the importance of monitoring during treatment.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key aspects of pharmacy practice, specifically regarding Apixaban. It covers its drug class, indications, dosing, counselling points, and monitoring parameters. Perfect for Year 4 pharmacy students looking to reinforce their understanding of anticoagulant therapy.
