Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of the process of transmigration (diapedesis) in the acute inflammatory response?

Platelets move out of capillaries to seal wounds

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells and the basement membrane to reach infected tissue (correct)

Vasodilation and increased blood flow

Phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris to aid in tissue repair

What is the purpose of thermogenesis?

To maintain body temperature through muscle contraction (correct)

To transfer heat to the movement of air

To cause local tissue damage due to proteolysis

To initiate the adaptive immune response

How is heat transferred through radiation?

By direct contact between two objects

Through the movement of air

From a warmer to a cooler object (correct)

By releasing lysosomal contents to destroy the pathogen

What is the purpose of countercurrent heat exchange in the body?

To reduce heat loss to the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transfer of heat to the movement of air?

Convection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of shivering in thermoregulation?

To maintain body temperature through muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

How does nonshivering thermogenesis occur in young animals?

Through metabolism in brown fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of fever?

Shift in the hypothalamic set point Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of fever is characterized by more pronounced body temperature fluctuations than normal?

Fastigium stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which fever inhibits microbial proliferation?

Decreases Fe availability to bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms associated with fever?

all answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of fever on heart rate?

Increased heart rate due to increased catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What are the major proteins associated with positive acute phase response?

all answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of passive hyperaemia?

Pressure or mechanical/physical obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What causes ischemia?

Blockage or constriction of arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a thrombus?

Primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of only a few blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of thrombosis dependent on?

The type and degree of blood vessel involvement Signup and view all the answers

What causes embolism?

Foreign matter getting stuck while traveling through the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and endothelial injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of a fibrin clot?

Primarily red blood cells and hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of SA (sinus) block?

Impairment of conduction from the SA node to the atria, dropping the whole heartbeat and characterized by the absence of a PQRST complex. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart block is protective in atrial fibrillation?

Mobitz 2 second degree AV block Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sinus tachycardia?

Sustained tachycardia that is not caused by pain or excitement, characterized by an increasing rate of impulses originating from the SA node, rapid HR with normal waves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of sinus bradycardia?

Decreased rate of impulses originating from the SA node, slow sinus rhythm with normal waves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of wandering atrial pacemaker?

Site of origin of the impulses controlling the HR shifts from one point to another in the atria, almost every beat, abnormal P waves and P-Q intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

Ectopic rhythm outside the SA node, defined by more than 4 SVPDs, abnormal P, P-Q, P wave after QRS complex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of arterial insufficiency in organs with end arteries?

Ischemic infarcts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infarct is characterized by tissue death due to lack of blood supply?

Coagulative necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What do abnormalities on the ECG recording reflect?

Direction of stimulation in the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of heterotopic cardiac rhythm disorders?

Abnormal sites Signup and view all the answers

What are common heterotopic cardiac rhythm disorders?

Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Damaged tissues release histamines, leading to increased blood flow (BF) and capillary leakage.
Histamines cause capillaries to leak, permitting phagocytes and complement factors (CF) to enter the wound site.
Phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris to aid in tissue repair.
Platelets (PLTs) move out of capillaries to seal wounds.
The acute inflammatory response involves vascular and cellular events:
- Vascular events:
  - Vasodilation and increased BF
  - Increased vascular permeability
  - Formation of a fluid exudate
  - Three patterns of fluid leakage:
Histamine-mediated (transient, 30-60 minutes)
Cell-factor mediated (delayed, 2-3 hours)
Chemical toxin or burn-mediated (prolonged, 24 hours)
Cellular events:
- Margination: blood cells move nearer to the vessel wall, allowing for leukocyte rolling.
- Rolling: neutrophils bind to selectins on endothelial cells, facilitating their movement along the vessel wall.
- Adhesion: neutrophils attach firmly to the vessel wall, enabling transmigration.
- Transmigration (diapedesis): neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells and the basement membrane to reach infected tissue.
- Chemotaxis: neutrophils are attracted to the site of tissue damage and move towards it in a directed manner.
Neutrophils respond to chemotactic factors through a process called chemotaxis, which is essential for their migration to the infected area.
Phagocytosis is the microbial activity of leukocytes, encompassing recognition, attachment, engulfment, and killing/degradation of pathogens.
Recognition and attachment involve interactions between pathogen surface molecules and phagocyte receptors, leading to receptor clustering and phagocytosis initiation.
Opsonization marks pathogens for ingestion by attaching immunoglobulins or complement components to their surfaces.
Engulfment entails the phagocyte surrounding the pathogen with its membrane and forming a phagosome, which later fuses with lysosomes to generate a phagolysosome for pathogen destruction.
Vulgaris infection affects dogs, cats, and horses.
Fibrocartilaginous embolism occurs in dogs and cats, leading to fibrocartilaginous infarcts which are classified as ischemic infarcts.
Ischemic infarcts are white, pale, and anemic, caused by arterial insufficiency in organs with end arteries.
Coagulative necrosis is a type of infarct characterized by tissue death due to lack of blood supply.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are red and result from venous insufficiency or hemorrhagic necrosis.
Infarcts can undergo various fates such as organization, scarring, sequestration, emollition, calcification, and regeneration.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are clinically important in the lungs, and are associated with bronchopneumonia in cats and dirofilaria immitis infections and endocrine disorders in dogs.
Cerebral stroke is a life-threatening event in which part of the brain is deprived of adequate oxygenation.
Ischemic strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, while hemorrhagic strokes result from bleeding into or around the brain.
Cerebral stroke is rare in domestic animals and is usually caused by head trauma.
Cardiac rhythm disorders can be analyzed through an electrocardiogram (ECG), which records the electrical activity of the heart.
The ECG recording consists of waves and leads, with their deflection and amplitude reflecting the direction of stimulation in the heart.
Abnormalities on the ECG can be caused by artifacts or physiological or pathological conditions.
Cardiac rhythm disorders include tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia, persistent, paroxysmal, and heterotopic disorders.
Disorders in the flow of impulses can result in heart blocks, which affect the rate and origin of the cardiac rhythm.
Nomotopic disorders originate at normal sites such as the sinus node, while heterotopic disorders originate from abnormal sites.
Premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia are common heterotopic disorders.

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Description

Test your knowledge of phagocytosis, the specific form of endocytosis where cells ingest microbial pathogens and other solid matter. Learn about professional phagocytes of the immune system and how phagocytosis is a mechanism by which microorganisms can be contained, killed, and processed.