63 Questions
What is the focus of the chapter on eukaryotic cells?
The differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Why are fungal and parasitic infections challenging to treat?
Because there are fewer differences to exploit between eukaryotic pathogens and human cells
What is the estimated percentage of characterized land-dwelling eukaryotes?
About 16%
Why is the continuous exploration of basic cellular differences between eukaryotes important?
To develop new drug therapy targets for fungal and parasitic infections
What is the projected number of different drug therapy targets in eukaryotic cells?
Over 80 million
What is one of the key reasons why fungal and parasitic infections can be challenging to treat?
Limited availability of drugs targeting eukaryotic cells
What is the function of receptors on the cell surface in phagocytosis?
To bind to features on the agent being engulfed
What happens to the target once it enters the cell in phagocytosis?
It fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
What is the role of hydrolytic enzymes in phagocytosis?
To destroy most cells and viruses engulfed by phagocytosis
What is the main purpose of exocytosis in cells?
To transport substances to the cell surface
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, what happens when a ligand binds to a receptor on the cell surface?
The ligand and receptor fuse to form a vesicle
What is the fate of the ligand and receptor after forming a clathrin-coated vesicle in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
They separate from one another and are sorted to their final destinations
What would happen to a cell's plasma membrane if there was more endocytosis than exocytosis?
The plasma membrane would shrink in size
What is the most common form of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
What is the process by which building block subunits are linked to make a larger molecule or polymer?
Polymerization
What is the function of clathrin in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
To form clathrin-coated vesicles for importation of ligands
What is the main purpose of a lysosome in phagocytosis?
To destroy most cells and viruses engulfed by phagocytosis
What is the process by which eukaryotic cells remove things from the cell?
Exocytosis
Which type of cell division is the most common way eukaryotic cells divide?
Mitosis
What are the specialized cells required for sexual reproduction in humans called?
Gametes
Which type of reproduction does meiosis belong to?
Sexual reproduction
What is the term for the process of endocytosis that means 'cell drinking'?
Pinocytosis
Which type of cells divide using mitosis, except for egg and sperm cells?
Diploid cells
During which process do substances from the extracellular environment enter the eukaryotic cell in membranous endocytic vesicles?
Pinocytosis
How many genetically unique cells are produced by meiosis from one parent cell?
4
What is the term for the process of endocytosis that means 'cell eating'?
Phagocytosis
Which type of cell division involves copying genetic material before division and generates haploid daughter cells?
Meiosis
What is the term for a genetically unique zygote formed from two complementary gamete cells?
Diploid cell
Which type of organelles use a binary fission-like method of division?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Which type of organisms carry out photosynthesis to make their own organic carbon using light energy?
Plants
What is the estimated percentage of the world's population infected with some sort of helminth at any given time?
50%
Which of the following is a characteristic of flukes (trematodes)?
Segmented, flat, ribbon-like structure
What is the main transmission mechanism for flukes (trematodes)?
Embryonated eggs from host feces enter water and hatch; released larvae mature in snails and then are either ingested in contaminated food/water or burrow into human host
Which of the following is true about plants?
They are not capable of causing infectious diseases.
What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
They carry out photosynthesis to make organic carbon.
What is the most prevalent approach to reproduction for fungi?
"Asexual spores arise from mitosis, and do not result in genetic variation."
"What is the estimated number of different species believed to be included in the Kingdom Fungi?"
"Over 600,000"
"What is the characteristic feature of septate hyphae in fungi?"
"Divisions between each cell in the filament"
"What type of spores are used for reproduction by fungi?"
"Fungal spores"
"What is the estimated number of different plant species?"
"Over 290,000"
"What do most fungi rely on extracting for carbon?"
"Carbon from the nutrients they absorb from their environment"
According to the endosymbiotic theory, how did eukaryotes evolve?
Through a series of sequential, cell-merging events with prokaryotes
What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes, similar to bacteria
What is the main difference between the genetic material of eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome
What is the significance of mitochondria and chloroplasts having a double-membrane structure?
It supports the theory of cell-merging events between ancient eukaryotic ancestor and prokaryotes
Why is the information about eukaryotic cells important?
To explain why some drugs affect bacteria but not eukaryotic cells
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have larger genomes spread across multiple linear chromosomes, unlike prokaryotic cells
What is the main difference in the cell division process between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes undergo mitosis and meiosis while prokaryotes undergo binary fission exclusively
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by, which is similar to bacteria?
Binary fission
What type of relationship do endosymbiotic theory propose for the cell-merging events?
Mutually beneficial
What does the prefix 'endo' in endosymbiotic indicate?
Inside
What were the engulfed cyanobacteria known as after they lost the ability to live freely outside of their hosts?
Chloroplasts
Why is it debated whether the protoeukaryote was a full-fledged, nucleus-containing eukaryote or not?
Because it's still uncertain whether it engaged in cell-merging events with prokaryotes
What is the main function of exocytosis?
To remove unwanted waste products from the cell
Why do highly phagocytic cells like macrophages need to constantly repair and restore their plasma membrane?
To avoid self-consumption of their plasma membrane
How does HIV enter host cells?
By fusing with the plasma membrane
What is the main purpose of Enfuvirtide in HIV therapy?
To lower the amount of HIV present in the blood
Why would a general block on all cellular endocytosis be hazardous to eukaryotic cells?
It would prevent expulsion of unwanted waste products
What is the estimated number of animal species on our planet?
Over 7.5 million
Which kingdom includes potential pathogens or parasites, except for plants?
Animalia
What is a broad collection of organisms that spans roundworms and flatworms?
Helminths
'Helminths' tend to have complex life cycles that can involve different host species. What do they act as when they live in or on a host?
'Parasites'
'Most helminthic parasites in humans spend at least some part of their life cycle in the gastrointestinal tract.' What type of parasites are these?
'Gastrointestinal parasites'
Test your knowledge about phagocytosis, the process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles. This quiz covers the role of specific receptors, antibodies, and immune system cells in mediating phagocytosis, as well as its occurrence in various organisms.
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