Personality Psychology: Situation vs. Person Debate
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of the person–situation debate in personality psychology?

  • Whether personality traits are consistent across situations
  • The balance between hereditary and environmental influences on behavior
  • The extent to which behavior arises from the dynamic of the situation (correct)
  • The role of motivation in shaping human behavior

    • What do situationists argue about people's personalities?

  • People have consistent personalities that guide their behaviors across situations
  • People are not consistent enough from situation to situation to be characterized by broad personality traits (correct)
  • People's personalities are shaped by their environment
  • People's personalities are determined by their genetics

    • What is the conclusion drawn from the person vs. situation debate?

  • Behavior is best understood by studying the interaction between person and situation (correct)
  • Behavior is best understood by studying the person
  • Behavior cannot be predicted or understood
  • Behavior is best understood by studying the situation

    • What is the nature-nurture debate comparable to in the context of personality psychology?

    <p>The genetics vs. environment debate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do different situations affect different people?

    <p>In a way that allows expression of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the interaction between traits and situations?

    <p>It is a crucial factor in shaping human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the trait and situationist perspectives considered too simplistic?

    <p>Because they do not account for the complexity of human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of researching the person vs. situation debate?

    <p>A better understanding of the interaction between person and situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences an individual's behavior in a given situation?

    <p>Their interpretation of the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality types is more likely to display consistency in their behavior across different situations?

    <p>Low self-monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of self-monitoring in social situations?

    <p>To understand how others perceive one's actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to regulate behavior to accommodate social situations?

    <p>Self-monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a self-presentation bias?

    <p>Malingering in a job application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between high self-monitors and low self-monitors?

    <p>Their level of consistency in behavior across situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for trying to present oneself in a favorable light, often in situations like job applications or custody cases?

    <p>Emphasizing the positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of high self-monitors?

    <p>They are highly responsive to social cues and their situational context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acculturative stress a result of?

    <p>Adapting to a new culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major source of acculturative stress?

    <p>Differences in norms, values, and social customs between the original and host culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MMPI-2 used for?

    <p>To assess personality in a clinical setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many items were in the original version of the MMPI?

    <p>550</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the test mentioned in the text?

    <p>Its inability to replicate the test's norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>To reveal underlying motives, concerns, and social worldview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Lie Scale (L) on the MMPI-2?

    <p>To detect attempts to present oneself in a favorable light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the stories told by participants during the TAT?

    <p>They are made up about ambiguous pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high score on the Defensiveness Scale (K) indicate?

    <p>An unwillingness to disclose personal information and problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current recommendation regarding the use of the test with youth?

    <p>It is not recommended for youth due to over-pathologizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Infrequency Scale (F) on the MMPI-2?

    <p>To detect malingering or severe psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format of the test administration?

    <p>Individual setting with a quiet room and minimal distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach was used to construct the MMPI-2?

    <p>Content approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the TAT's scoring mechanism?

    <p>There is no consistently used scoring mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of cards used in the TAT?

    <p>31 cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the developer of the TAT?

    <p>Murray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Symptom Checklist-90-R?

    <p>To evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many items are included in the Symptom Checklist-90-R?

    <p>90 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for which the SCL-90-R is normed?

    <p>13 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three global distress indices measured by the SCL-90-R?

    <p>Global Wellness Index, Hardiness, and Symptom-Free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom dimension that assesses symptoms such as 'poor appetite'?

    <p>Additional Items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subscales are included in the Symptom Checklist-90-R?

    <p>9 subscales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strength of the Symptom Checklist-90-R?

    <p>Good reliability and validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration time of the Symptom Checklist-90-R?

    <p>12-15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of clinical decision making in psychology?

    <p>To reduce diagnostic uncertainty and risks to patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of integrating assessment data in psychology?

    <p>To describe a person's level of functioning and understand their social and interpersonal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is case formulation in psychology?

    <p>A descriptive account of a client's presenting problems and the underlying causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use multiple informants, especially with children, in psychology?

    <p>Because it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the child's behavior and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of integrating conflicting results from different assessments in psychology?

    <p>A more comprehensive understanding of the client's problems and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of assessment in psychology?

    <p>To address a specific question or problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to understand when interpreting assessment results in psychology?

    <p>The client's social and interpersonal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the psychologist in clinical decision making?

    <p>To make optimal judgments about client problems and courses of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a case formulation?

    <p>To develop a hypothesis about the cause and nature of a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of using case formulation in clinical practice?

    <p>To communicate a hypothesis and provide a framework for developing a treatment approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professionals commonly use case formulation?

    <p>Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health nurses, and social workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is case formulation also known as?

    <p>Clinical formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a case formulation based on?

    <p>A theoretically-based explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a case formulation an alternative to?

    <p>A categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a case formulation?

    <p>A hypothesis about the cause and nature of a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a case formulation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key element in case formulation?

    <p>Patient's medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a case formulation?

    <p>To describe the relationships between various factors and the problems that are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of a case formulation?

    <p>It provides connections between various problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a case formulation?

    <p>Provides a diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a case formulation?

    <p>To describe the relationships between various factors and the problems that are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a factor that may not have been involved in the initial problem developing?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a case formulation in treatment?

    <p>To guide treatment and specific interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of a case formulation in providing guidance on treatment?

    <p>It predicts the patient's functioning with and without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of case formulation?

    <p>Description of problems &amp; symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a threat to the validity of case formulations due to clinician factors?

    <p>Self-serving attributional bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important strategy for improving the accuracy of clinical judgment?

    <p>Using directly relevant psychometrically sound tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing a comprehensive problem list in case formulation?

    <p>To understand the client's problems and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when clients try to under-pathologize themselves?

    <p>Threat to the validity of case formulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to check for scoring errors in psychological assessments?

    <p>To improve the validity of the assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a step in the case formulation process?

    <p>Evaluating and refining hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of a clinician's overuse of heuristics?

    <p>Threat to the validity of case formulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when writing a psychological assessment report?

    <p>Stigmatizing labels to ensure clarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of the person conducting an unstructured interview?

    <p>Being aware of personal biases and preconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of a typical psychological assessment report?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of computer-based interpretations in psychological assessment?

    <p>They may be problematic to include in a testing report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of seeking consultation in psychological assessment?

    <p>To ensure the validity of the assessment results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when preparing a psychological assessment report?

    <p>The report should be written for the specific audience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In how many countries is Triple P currently used?

    <p>25 countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of more than half of Triple P's parenting strategies?

    <p>Developing positive relationships, attitudes, and conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of children that Triple P is delivered to?

    <p>Up to 12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specialist program for parents of children with a disability?

    <p>Stepping Stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory does Triple P draw on in its approach?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Triple P?

    <p>To prevent problems in the family, school, and community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the variant of Triple P for parents of 12-to-16-year-olds?

    <p>Teen Triple P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of identifying high-risk groups in the risk reduction model?

    <p>To develop intervention programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for characteristics of a person or environment that decrease the risk of developing a disorder?

    <p>Protective factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Triple P?

    <p>To prevent problems in the family, school, and community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the outcome of a program in prevention research?

    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of a program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of people needed to treat to prevent one person from developing a disorder?

    <p>Number needed to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program?

    <p>To develop intervention programs for at-risk parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of home visiting programs for at-risk mothers?

    <p>To provide interventions on pregnancy, health care, and parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program?

    <p>It is a multi-level system designed to target different at-risk parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of meta-analysis in prevention research?

    <p>To compare the outcome of several studies of a prevention program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the 'Incredible Years' program?

    <p>To train parents to praise positive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 'shared parenting'?

    <p>Focusing on the love and guidance of both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'shared parenting'?

    <p>Cooperative parenting after separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of 'shared parenting'?

    <p>Significant time spent with each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Incredible Years' program?

    <p>To train parents to praise positive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of 'shared parenting' after separation?

    <p>To promote the well-being of the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Incredible Years' program designed for?

    <p>Kids with conduct problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of 'shared parenting' for the child?

    <p>Increased love and guidance from both parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of prevention programs in community psychology?

    <p>To decrease the risk of physical and mental health disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of children worldwide who do not have adequate food, shelter, education, etc. according to UNICEF (2003)?

    <p>1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of tertiary prevention?

    <p>Rehabilitation and long-term adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of preventive intervention is applied to the general population?

    <p>Universal preventive intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of community psychology?

    <p>To study the reciprocal relationship between the community and the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of American children living at or below the poverty line?

    <p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of prevention focuses on individuals at high risk of developing a disorder?

    <p>Selective preventive intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of prevention programs in reducing poverty?

    <p>To increase access to education and healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of young people aged 10-29 years who are murdered annually?

    <p>200 000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of programs are effective in reducing physical abuse of children?

    <p>Home visit programs and behavioral parent training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following programs is effective in treating bullying and delinquency?

    <p>Triple P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014?

    <p>To assess national efforts to address interpersonal violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of the population affected by violence, resulting in murder, injuries, and mental health problems?

    <p>10-29 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of violence for many young people, apart from physical injuries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizations jointly published the Global status report on violence prevention 2014?

    <p>WHO, the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the publication 'Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence'?

    <p>To provide an overview of the evidence on preventing youth violence for policy-makers and planners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of psychological assessment?

    <p>To integrate multiple types of data from multiple sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinical psychologists be competent in?

    <p>Conducting assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to consider in assessment when working with diverse populations?

    <p>Age, gender, sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a psychologist consulting with the client about conclusions?

    <p>To verify the accuracy of the conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is guided by assessment tools in psychological assessment?

    <p>The clear and precise formulation of the questions to be addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in psychological assessment?

    <p>Gathering and integrating multiple types of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is knowledge of psychometric theory related to?

    <p>The scientific, theoretical, empirical, and contextual bases of assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessment in psychology?

    <p>To answer the questions that initiated the assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of clinical assessment in psychology?

    <p>To understand an individual's strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the iterative decision-making process in clinical psychology?

    <p>A continuous process of data collection and refinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of assessment-focused services?

    <p>Evaluating a person's current or anticipated psychosocial deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can refer an individual for clinical assessment?

    <p>A parent, teacher, friend, or judge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intervention-focused services?

    <p>To gather information about appropriate treatment options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences how a clinician addresses a referral question?

    <p>The clinician's theoretical orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of refining the question at hand in clinical assessment?

    <p>To clarify the problem before responding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of predetermined assessment findings in intervention planning?

    <p>To provide a point of comparison for subsequent assessment findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gathered during the initial stage of clinical assessment?

    <p>Preliminary information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important for psychologists to have knowledge of in the context of assessment?

    <p>The legal context of assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between assessment-focused and intervention-focused services?

    <p>Assessment-focused services provide information about a person's deficits, while intervention-focused services gather information about treatment options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of clinical assessment?

    <p>The individual's social, cultural, and physical environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of clinical assessment?

    <p>A better understanding of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of technical assessment skills?

    <p>To identify problems and goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a competency required in psychological assessment?

    <p>Ability to assess intervention outcomes and evaluate multiple roles of clients and psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an understanding required in psychological assessment?

    <p>Understanding of the relation between assessment and intervention planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a screening tool in assessment?

    <p>To identify individuals at risk of a disorder or condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a screening tool and a diagnostic tool?

    <p>Screening tools identify individuals at risk, while diagnostic tools confirm a diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a diagnosis in assessment?

    <p>To develop a comprehensive understanding of a client's psychological functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is case formulation in psychology?

    <p>The use of assessment data to develop a comprehensive understanding of a client's psychological functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prognosis in assessment?

    <p>To predict whether a problem will worsen without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of diagnosis in assessment?

    <p>To provide a framework for treatment planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of integrating assessment data in psychology?

    <p>A comprehensive understanding of a client's psychological functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a psychologist in clinical decision making?

    <p>To integrate assessment data to inform treatment planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary task of a clinician when assessing a patient?

    <p>Using probabilistic information to take into account unique circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem in clinical psychology predictions?

    <p>Prediction errors due to base rate of a problem or diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between psychological testing and psychological assessment?

    <p>Psychological testing is a standardized process, while psychological assessment is more multi-faceted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of standardization in psychological testing?

    <p>To ensure consistency across clinicians in the procedure used to administer and score a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base rate of a problem or diagnosis?

    <p>The frequency of a problem in the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of psychological testing?

    <p>To assess a patient's behavior in a standardized process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the clinician in an interview?

    <p>Focus on the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of defining the problem in an interview?

    <p>To understand the client's presenting problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of setting treatment goals?

    <p>To achieve small, simple, and achievable goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ask direct questions in a suicide assessment?

    <p>To gather specific information about suicidal thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cultural humility in the context of interviewing?

    <p>Being open to differences and willing to learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rephrasing and summarizing in an interview?

    <p>To clarify and ensure understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to define treatment goals with the client?

    <p>To ensure goals are important to the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of a non-judgmental stance in an interview?

    <p>To maintain a respectful and empathetic attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of unstructured interviews in clinical psychology?

    <p>To allow the psychologist to decide what questions to ask during the interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for clients to know what will be kept confidential?

    <p>To ensure the client's right to confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between structured and semi-structured interviews?

    <p>The level of flexibility in questioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of interviewing in clinical psychology?

    <p>To gather information for diagnosis and treatment planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the patient who looks sad and complains of fatigue?

    <p>Fatigue for the past month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interview is most commonly used in clinical psychology?

    <p>Semi-structured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between interviewing and observation in clinical psychology?

    <p>They are complementary methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often has the patient been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things over the last 2 weeks?

    <p>Nearly every day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the important components of active listening in interviewing?

    <p>Attention to body language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of confidentiality in clinical psychology?

    <p>To ensure the client's right to confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the PHQ Depression Module?

    <p>To assess the severity of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of different types of interviews in clinical psychology?

    <p>To serve different purposes such as diagnosis and treatment planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the patient been feeling over the last 2 weeks?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the PHQ Depression Module?

    <p>To diagnose depression and assess its severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the patient's primary symptom?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of active listening in interviewing?

    <p>It helps to build trust with the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5)?

    <p>To improve interviewing skills of students in mental health professions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) designed to do?

    <p>Cover in more depth DSM anxiety disorders and common co-morbid disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) used for?

    <p>To screen for mental disorders in primary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) used for?

    <p>As a diagnostic tool for mental health disorders used by health care professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) used for in research?

    <p>To estimate the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders among certain populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) in training mental health professionals?

    <p>It provides a repertoire of useful questions to elicit information from patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using structured diagnostic interviews like the SCID-5?

    <p>To characterize a study population in terms of current and previous psychiatric diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using structured diagnostic interviews like the SCID-5?

    <p>They provide a standardized way of assessing psychiatric diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of interviewing couples?

    <p>Dealing with two individuals with different opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have knowledge of life span issues when interviewing older adults?

    <p>To avoid stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enhancing verbal communication with visual and tactile stimuli when interviewing older adults?

    <p>To improve communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of starting the interview on time when interviewing older adults?

    <p>To show respect for the participant's time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of having nursing personnel move patients from the waiting room to the exam room and back to the waiting room?

    <p>To reduce the burden on the interviewer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of completing documentation before moving on to the next patient?

    <p>To maintain accuracy and attention to detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid engaging in hallway or other conversations with the patient or their family?

    <p>To avoid distraction and maintain focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a conjoint interview?

    <p>To interview couples together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings?

    <p>Integrating research findings with practitioner expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based behavioral practice (EBBP)?

    <p>Integrating research findings with practitioner expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'evidence' in evidence-based practice?

    <p>Research findings derived from systematic data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of empirically supported treatments (ESTs)?

    <p>Treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what field did evidence-based practice originate?

    <p>Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of integrating research evidence with practitioner expertise?

    <p>To promote health and provide care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using evidence-based practice in clinical settings?

    <p>Improved health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration in evidence-based behavioral practice (EBBP)?

    <p>Characteristics, state, needs, values, and preferences of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common goals of family therapy?

    <p>Improvement of family functioning on different levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many patients are typically in a group therapy session?

    <p>5-15 patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broader concept of group therapy inclusive of?

    <p>Support groups, skills training, and psycho-education groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of time-limited psychotherapy, what is a primary focus of interpersonal therapy?

    <p>Understanding current and past relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of issues do some groups focus on in group therapy?

    <p>Specific problems or issues like depression or anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of short-term psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Identifying themes and central conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who leads a group therapy session?

    <p>A single psychologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disorders has interpersonal therapy been applied?

    <p>Depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, and borderline personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do group therapy sessions typically meet?

    <p>For an hour or two each week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sessions are typically included in a course of interpersonal therapy?

    <p>6-20 sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of people may benefit from group therapy?

    <p>Those who have experienced loss or trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of interpersonal therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common goal of family therapy?

    <p>To improve mutual understanding and emotional support among family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which populations has interpersonal therapy been applied?

    <p>Adults, late life, different cultures, and various disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of short-term psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Identification of themes and central conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of interpersonal therapy in terms of role transitions?

    <p>Various role transitions, such as becoming a parent or student</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?

    <p>Psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories is a foundation of IPT?

    <p>Attachment theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)?

    <p>To manage emotions and change problematic emotional states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of IPT structure?

    <p>Collaboration and goal consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach of Process-Experiential Therapies?

    <p>Structured, short-term approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of emotions in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)?

    <p>Emotions are seen as having an innately adaptive potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of IPT?

    <p>Psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Interpersonal Triad in IPT?

    <p>Interpersonal relationships and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of informing a client about alternative treatments?

    <p>To provide the client with informed consent and autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Norcross, what is the ultimate goal of psychotherapy?

    <p>To assist people in modifying their behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between informed consent and assent in therapy?

    <p>Informed consent is for adults, while assent is for children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the APA's 2013 resolution regarding psychotherapy?

    <p>It recognized psychotherapy as an evidence-based care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of short-term psychodynamic therapy?

    <p>Psychoanalytic theories of Freud and recent theorists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the therapist regarding confidentiality?

    <p>To ensure clients are aware of the limits of confidentiality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in therapy?

    <p>To modify the treatment approach as needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when informing clients about financial arrangements?

    <p>The client's financial situation and ability to pay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Person-Situation Debate

    • The person-situation debate in personality psychology revolves around whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavior.
    • Personality trait psychologists believe that people have consistent personalities that guide their behaviors across situations.
    • Situationists argue that people are not consistent enough from situation to situation to be characterized by broad personality traits.

    Research Evidence

    • Research evidence points to the influence of both person and situation on behavior.
    • Behavior is best understood as the interaction between the person and the situation.

    Traits and Situations

    • Traits and situations interact to influence behavior.
    • Different situations affect different people in different ways.
    • Some situations allow the expression of personality, while others provoke a narrower range of behavior.

    Self-Monitoring

    • Self-monitoring is a theory that deals with the phenomena of expressive controls.
    • High self-monitors display less consistency across situations in their behavior because they try to adapt more to the situation.
    • Low self-monitors display more consistency in their behavior across situations because they are less likely to adapt to situations.

    Self-Presentation Biases

    • Emphasizing the positive: People are often motivated to present themselves in a favorable light.
    • Malingering: Trying to look worse than one is.

    Acculturative Stress

    • Acculturative stress is the psychological impact of adaptation to a new culture.
    • People who experience acculturative stress often find it tough and confusing to adjust to a new environment with different norms, values, social customs, politics, and education standards.

    Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

    • MMPI is a commonly taught and used personality inventory in clinical psychology.
    • The original version was published in 1943 and had 550 items, while the second version has 567 items and the adolescent version has 478 items.

    MMPI-2Validity Scales

    • Cannot Say (?): Total number of unanswered items
    • Lie Scale (L): A measure of self-presentation that is unrealistically positive
    • Infrequency Scale (F): A measure of self-presentation that is very unfavorable – malingering or severe psychopathology
    • Defensiveness Scale (K): Unwillingness to disclose personal information and problems

    Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R)

    • SCL-90-R is a self-report psychometric instrument designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology.
    • It has 90 items and takes 12-15 minutes to administer, yielding nine scores along primary symptom dimensions and three scores among global distress indices.

    Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

    • Developed by Murray in 1943, TAT is a projective psychological test.
    • The test consists of 31 cards with pictures on them, and the participant tells a story about what they see in the picture.
    • There is no consistently used scoring mechanism, and no clear norms or reliability data, making the TAT an unreliable test.

    Integration and Clinical Decision Making

    • Psychologists make optimal judgments about client problems, course of treatment, and future behavior while facing conflicting pressures to decrease diagnostic uncertainty, risks to patients, and costs.
    • Clinical decision making involves deciding what information to gather, which tests to order, how to interpret and integrate this information to draw diagnostic conclusions, and which treatments to give.

    Assessments

    • All assessments are designed to address a question, and the psychologist determines the most appropriate type of assessment based on this question.
    • As the assessment progresses, different tests or assessments may be added.
    • A descriptive account of the client's level of functioning is important, including understanding the client in their social and interpersonal environment.
    • Multiple informants, especially with children, are important to consider.
    • Different assessments/tests provide conflicting results, which must be integrated and considered.

    Case Formulation

    • Case formulation aims to describe a person's presenting problems and use theory to make explanatory inferences about causes and maintaining factors that can inform interventions.
    • Case formulation is a clear hypothesis that relates to how a problem developed and how it is maintained.
    • It provides a framework for developing the most suitable treatment approach and is commonly used by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
    • Key elements of case formulation include:
      • Description of presenting issues
      • Factors that act to create vulnerability or precipitate problems
      • Factors that maintain problems
      • Factors that help the person cope or act as resources
    • Case formulation provides connections between various problems, guidance on treatment, and predicts patient functioning with and without treatment.

    Components and Steps of Case Formulation

    • Components of case formulation:
      • Description of problems and symptoms
      • Events or stressors that led to symptoms or problems
      • Predisposing life events/vulnerabilities
      • Hypothesized mechanism that links problems to current functioning
    • Steps of case formulation:
      1. Develop a comprehensive problem list
      2. Determine the origin, precipitants, and consequences of problems
      3. Identify patterns among problems
      4. Develop working hypotheses to explain problems
      5. Evaluate and refine hypotheses
      6. In treatment, hypotheses should be reconsidered, re-evaluated, and revised

    Threats to the Validity of Case Formulations

    • Client factors:
      • Clients may try to under-pathologize themselves
      • Problems with retrospective recall
      • Clients may not accurately perceive or portray reality
    • Clinician factors:
      • Self-serving attributional bias
      • Overuse of heuristics
      • Biases (gender, ethnic, socioeconomic, etc.)
      • Decision-making biases

    Improving the Accuracy of Clinical Judgment

    • Use directly relevant psychometrically sound tests
    • Check for scoring errors
    • Use normative data and base rate information
    • Use DSM criteria when making a diagnosis
    • Use decision trees or clinical guidelines
    • Be systematic in unstructured interviews
    • Be aware of relevant research
    • Be aware of personal biases and preconceptions
    • Search for alternative explanations for hypotheses
    • Seek consultation
    • Don't rely on memory, and don't rush to a conclusion

    Important Concepts in Assessment Reports

    • Important to remember the 'audience' of the report
    • Privacy is important - avoiding stigmatizing labels, using multiple sources
    • Exercise caution with computer-based interpretations (CBIs)
    • Contents of a typical assessment report:
      • Identifying patient/client information
      • Reason for referral
      • Background information
      • Assessment methods
      • Interview data and behavioral observations
      • Test results and interpretation of test scores
      • Diagnostic impressions
      • Summary
      • Recommendations

    Prevention Overview

    • Prevention programs aim to decrease the risk of serious problems, including physical and mental health disorders.
    • Community Psychology is a branch of psychology concerned with the reciprocal relationship between the community and the individual.

    Poverty

    • Approximately 1 billion children worldwide do not have adequate food, shelter, education, etc. (UNICEF, 2003).
    • Around 17% of American children live at or below the poverty line.
    • Many risk factors are associated with poverty, including increased violence, environmental pollutants, physical and mental health disorders.
    • Prevention programs are designed to decrease poverty.

    Approaches to Prevention

    • Primary Prevention: Intervention before a disorder has developed to prevent its occurrence.
    • Secondary Prevention: Intervention after the onset of the disorder (usually called treatment).
    • Tertiary Prevention: With chronic disorders, the focus is on rehabilitation and long-term adaptation.
    • Universal Preventive Interventions: Applied to the general population (e.g., vaccines, etc.).
    • Selective Preventive Interventions: Targeted to individuals at high risk of developing a disorder.
    • Indicative Preventive Interventions: Targeted to individuals at high risk and showing subclinical signs of the disorder.

    Prevention – Central Concepts

    • Risk reduction model: Identifying high-risk groups and developing intervention programs using research.
    • Risk factors: Characteristics of the person or environment that increase the chance of developing a disorder.
    • Protective factors: Characteristics of a high-risk person or environment that decrease the risk of developing the disorder.
    • Importance of determining the outcome of a program:
      • Incidence rates: Number of new cases in a given year.
      • Number needed to treat: The number of people needed to treat to save one person from getting the disorder.
      • Meta-analysis: Comparing the outcome of several studies of a prevention program.
      • Efficacy and effectiveness.

    Promoting Evidence-Based Parenting

    • Home Visiting Programs: At-risk individuals (e.g., low-income teenage single mothers) are given several interventions on pregnancy, health care, parenting, etc.
    • Triple P Positive Parenting: A multi-level system designed to target different at-risk parents.
      • Enhancing knowledge, skills, and confidence.
      • Promoting safe environments for children.
      • Promoting children's competence.
    • Triple P is one of the most effective evidence-based parenting programs in the world, backed by over 30 years of ongoing research.

    The Triple P

    • Aims to prevent problems in the family, school, and community before they arise and to create family environments that encourage children to realize their potential.
    • Draws on social learning, cognitive behavioral, and developmental theory, as well as research into risk factors associated with the development of social and behavioral problems in children.
    • Equips parents with the skills and confidence they need to be self-sufficient and manage family issues without ongoing support.
    • Delivered to parents of children up to 12 years, with Teen Triple P for parents of 12 to 16 year olds.
    • Specialist programs include Stepping Stones, Family Transitions, Lifestyle, and Indigenous.

    Promoting Evidence-Based Parenting (continued)

    • Incredible Years: Designed for kids (3-8) with conduct problems – now a broader age group.
      • Group discussion, videotape examples, behavioral rehearsal.
      • Trains parents to praise positive behaviors, play effectively with kids, and set limits appropriately.

    Shared Parenting

    • Recognized as a viable post-separation parenting arrangement that is optimal for child development and well-being.
    • Shared parenting goes wider than the time each parent spends with their children.
    • Involves the child spending a significant proportion of their time with each parent.

    Prevention of Violence

    • Physical Abuse of Children: Meta-analysis indicates that home visit programs, behavioral parent training, and multimodal programs are effective in reducing abuse.
    • Bullying and delinquency: Triple P and Incredible Years are effective in treating these problems.
    • School-based programs on anger management and conflict resolution have mixed success.
    • Each year, an estimated 200,000 young people aged 10–29 years are murdered, making homicide the fourth leading cause of death for this age group.
    • Millions more sustain violence-related injuries that require emergency medical treatment, and countless others go on to develop mental health problems and adopt high-risk behaviors.

    Psychological Assessment

    • Theoretical orientation impacts the choice of assessment tools used by the clinician
    • Generating and refining hypotheses about the client is crucial in psychological assessment
    • Importance of being informed about human diversity, including:
      • Age
      • Gender
      • Sexual orientation
      • Culture
      • Religious beliefs
    • Psychological assessment involves gathering and integrating multiple types of data from multiple sources and perspectives

    Competencies in Psychological Assessment

    • All clinical psychologists should be competent in conducting assessments
    • Knowledge of:
      • Psychometric theory
      • Scientific, theoretical, empirical, and contextual bases of assessment
    • Knowledge, skills, and techniques to assess:
      • Cognitive
      • Affective
      • Behavioral
      • Personality
    • Ability to:
      • Assess intervention outcomes
      • Evaluate multiple roles that clients and psychologists function
    • Understanding of the relation between assessment and intervention planning

    Purposes of Psychological Assessment

    • Two types of situations:
      • Assessment-focused services: providing information about a person's current or anticipated psychosocial deficits
      • Intervention-focused services: the first step in gathering information about appropriate treatment

    Assessment-Focused vs. Intervention-Focused

    • Assessment-focused services:
      • Provide information about a person's current or anticipated psychosocial deficits
      • Examples: child custody evaluations, neuropsychological assessments
    • Intervention-focused services:
      • The first step in gathering information about appropriate treatment
      • Examples: intake evaluation at a clinic

    Assessment in Clinical Psychology

    • Definition and purpose:
      • Clinical assessment involves an evaluation of an individual's strengths and weaknesses, a conceptualization of the problem at hand, and some prescription for alleviating the problem
      • Leads to a better understanding of the client
    • Ongoing process
    • An iterative decision-making process
    • Systematic data collection
    • Information about the person's physical, social, and cultural environments

    The Referral

    • Referral by whom? (e.g. parent, friend, teacher, psychiatrist, judge)
    • Referral question(s):
      • What aspect of a patient's behavior needs attention and clarification?
      • Example: Why is Jale disobedient?

    Additional Assessment Types

    • Screening:
      • A tool often developed to identify a disorder, condition, or characteristic
      • Examples: identifying mental health problems in adolescents
    • Diagnosis/Case Formulation:
      • The development of an understanding of the basis/etiology of the problem that informs treatment
      • Knowing the diagnosis for a person helps clinicians communicate with other health professionals and search the scientific literature for information on associated features
    • Prognosis/Prediction:
      • An assessment used to see whether a problem will worsen without treatment
      • The clinician's task is to use probabilistic information in a manner that takes into account the unique circumstances of the patient being assessed
      • Accuracy of prediction is a problem, and prediction errors are influenced by the base rate of a problem or diagnosis

    Psychological Testing

    • Psychological testing: a sample of a person's behavior scored in a standardized process
    • Not the same as psychological assessment (which is often more multi-faceted and may not use tests per se)
    • Standardization: consistency across clinicians in the procedure used to administer and score a test

    Interviewing in Clinical Psychology

    • Interviews are used to gather assessment data, develop a collaborative relationship with the client, and serve multiple purposes, including diagnosis, case formulation, problem definition, and goal setting.
    • There are different types of interviews, varying in their degree of structure:
      • Unstructured interviews: the psychologist decides what questions to ask and follow up on as the interview unfolds.
      • Semi-structured interviews: allow for some flexibility in questioning and the order of questions.
      • Structured interviews: specify the precise ways questions should be posed and queries made, and define the types of responses necessary to score a particular symptom as present.

    Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5)

    • Used to characterize a study population in terms of current and previous psychiatric diagnoses.
    • Helps researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and the general public who are interested in prevalence and incidence estimates of psychiatric disorders among certain populations.
    • Also used to improve interviewing skills of students in the mental health professions, including psychiatry, psychology, social work, and psychiatric nursing.

    Types of Interviews

    • Structured diagnostic interviews:
      • Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV): designed to cover in more depth DSM anxiety disorders and common co-morbid disorders.
      • Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD): brief measure used in primary care to screen for mental disorders.
      • Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic tool for mental health disorders used by healthcare professionals that is quick and easy for patients to complete.

    General Issues in Interviewing

    • Attending skills:
      • Attention to body language (e.g., eye contact, leaning forward, head nods).
      • Absence of verbal activity.
      • Restating what the client said and checking if that was correct.
      • Rephrasing/clarifying.
      • Non-directional reflection of feeling.
      • Summarizing.
    • Focus on the client:
      • Clinician does not self-disclose or convey personal struggles.
      • Respectful and non-judgmental.
      • Non-blaming stance.
      • Cultural sensitivity.
    • Importance of defining the problem:
      • Clients are often vague about presenting problems.
      • Clinician must know what is normative behavior.
      • Questions about the frequency, duration, and intensity of the problem.
      • Questions about the meaning of the problem.
    • Importance of defining the goals for treatment:
      • Clients often do not know what therapy can do.
      • Goals must be important to the client.
      • Goals must be expressed in terms of the ways people behave.
      • Goals must be small, simple, and achievable.
      • Goals must be in positive terms (e.g., "how would you know if therapy worked?").

    Special Considerations in Interviewing

    • Suicide assessment:
      • Importance of asking direct questions.
      • Specific thoughts about suicide.
      • Past attempts.
      • Plans for committing suicide.
      • Ever cut yourself intentionally?
      • Reasons for committing suicide.
      • Friendship or support system in place?
    • Interviewing couples:
      • Importance of flexibility and interpersonal skills of the clinician.
      • Structuring and directing the interview.
    • Interviewing families:
      • Similar challenges as with couples, but with the difficulty of establishing rapport with many individuals at once.
    • Interviewing older adults:
      • Knowledge of life span issues without stereotyping.
      • Possible concerns with declining health, loss of autonomy, bereavement, and mortality.
      • Specific considerations for interviewing older adults, such as:
        • Ensuring good lighting and minimal distractions.
        • Speaking clearly and directly.
        • Using visual and tactile stimuli to enhance communication.
        • Maintaining a respectful and empathetic tone.

    Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

    • Interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that started in medicine as Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) and spread to other fields
    • Focuses on research findings derived from systematic collection of data through observation and experimentation
    • Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs) are clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a delineated population

    Ethics of Intervention

    • Informed consent: Client must agree to services being given and know what works best for a given disorder
    • Client should be informed of:
      • Confidentiality and limits of confidentiality
      • Financial arrangements
      • What to expect in therapy
      • Alternative treatments
    • Therapist must monitor whether the treatment is working
    • Treatment should be based on best-available evidence

    Psychotherapy

    • Defined by Norcross (1990) as the informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles to modify behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics
    • Recognized by APA (2013) as an effective, evidence-based care
    • Practiced by professionals from many disciplines (psychology, psychiatry, social work, nursing)

    Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy

    • Based on psychoanalytic theories of Freud and recent theorists
    • Focuses on:
      • Identification of themes and central conflicts
      • Defensive patterns in the person's life
      • Evoking emotions
      • Goal-setting
      • Termination of therapy
    • Has strong evidence of effectiveness in depression, panic disorder, substance abuse, borderline PD, etc.

    Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

    • Focuses on problems with communication and dysfunctional relationships
    • Emphasizes understanding of current and past relationships
    • Brief, usually 3-4 months
    • Targets symptom resolution, improved interpersonal functioning, and increased social support
    • Focuses on role transitions (becoming a parent, student to professional, etc.)
    • Originally developed for depression, but applied to several populations including late life, different cultures, and several disorders (including eating disorders, anxiety, and substance abuse)

    Process-Experiential Therapies

    • Has roots in existential, humanistic, and client-centered approaches
    • Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a short-term (8-20 sessions) structured psychotherapy approach
    • Proposes that human emotions have an innately adaptive potential that, if activated, can help clients change problematic emotional states or unwanted self-experiences

    Family Therapy

    • A heterogeneous field with different schools and models that share principles and guiding assumptions
    • Goals include improvement of family functioning, enhancement of mutual understanding and emotional support, development of coping skills and problem-solving strategies

    Group Therapy

    • Involves one or more psychologists leading a group of roughly five to 15 patients
    • Targets specific problems, such as depression, obesity, panic disorder, social anxiety, chronic pain, or substance abuse
    • Can also focus on improving social skills, helping people deal with a range of issues such as anger, shyness, loneliness, and low self-esteem

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