Personality Psychology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the 'individual uniqueness' level of personality analysis?

  • The study of universal personality traits shared by all humans.
  • The study of how various cultures influence personality.
  • The study of how individuals are similar to each other.
  • The study of how individuals differ from each other based on their unique experiences and traits. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the supertraits in Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?

  • Agreeableness (correct)
  • Neuroticism
  • Extraversion
  • Psychoticism

What is the primary focus of the Wiggins Circumplex model of personality?

  • Interpersonal traits and interactions (correct)
  • The influence of culture on personality
  • Biological underpinnings of personality
  • The role of genetics in personality development

Which of the following is a key limitation of the Wiggins Circumplex model?

<p>It only considers two dimensions of interpersonal behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core assumption of the biological approach to personality?

<p>Personality is primarily shaped by environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the Five-Factor Model is considered a highly influential model in personality psychology?

<p>It has been replicated across various cultures and languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intrapsychic approach to personality emphasizes which of the following?

<p>The role of unconscious mental mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality traits, according to the Five-Factor Model, is most strongly associated with achieving good grades?

<p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to personality focuses on self-concept, goals, and emotional experiences?

<p>Cognitive-experiental. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sixth factor identified in the HEXACO model, differentiating it from the Five-Factor Model?

<p>Honesty - Humility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the social and cultural approach to personality?

<p>Individual differences within cultures are not considered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the HEXACO model, what trait cluster is referred to as the "Dark Triad"?

<p>Low Honesty-Humility, High Narcissism, High Machiavellianism, High Psychopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adjustment approach to personality focuses on how personality relates to:

<p>Coping with life events and health outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality?

<p>It is too simplistic to capture the complexity of human personality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary purpose of a good personality theory?

<p>To generate testable hypotheses and guide research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard for evaluating personality theories?

<p>Personal Preference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'parsimony' in evaluating personality theories?

<p>The theory's simplicity and coherence in explaining personality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals displaying elevated Electrodermal Activity (EDA) in the absence of external stimuli?

<p>They exhibit an increased heart rate in response to stressors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to examine the brain's response to a specific type of visual image. Which of the following methods would be most suitable for this research?

<p>EEG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable limitation associated with using Electrodermal Activity (EDA) to measure physiological responses?

<p>It can be significantly affected by movement during data collection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT directly associated with cardiovascular activity as a measure of personality?

<p>Electrodermal activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to study functional connectivity between different brain regions. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques would be most appropriate for this research?

<p>fMRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of behavioral genetics?

<p>To understand how genes and environment interact to influence behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of family studies in behavioral genetics?

<p>They do not consider the role of shared environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption of twin studies?

<p>Identical twins are always raised in identical environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of heritability estimates?

<p>Heritability estimates are always constant and immutable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research methods in behavioral genetics is most suitable for investigating the influence of shared environment?

<p>Adoption studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is selective breeding not a suitable research method for studying human behavior?

<p>It is unethical to selectively breed humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adoption studies contribute to our understanding of the role of genetics and environment in behavior?

<p>They help separate the influence of genes and environment by comparing adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins for a particular trait?

<p>Genetics plays a role in influencing the trait. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the maintenance of an individual's relative position within a group over time?

<p>Rank order stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key conceptual issue in personality development as outlined in the text?

<p>Emotional regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of analysis focuses on changes or constancies that affect different groups differently?

<p>Group differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of personality development refers to changes that are enduring over time and internal to a person?

<p>Personality change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a statistic that describes the proportion of variance in a group that can be attributed to genetic factors?

<p>Heritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a concern or controversy commonly discussed in relation to the study of genes and personality?

<p>The use of genetic information in predicting criminal behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of using personality testing in the workplace as mentioned in the text?

<p>Ensuring diversity and inclusion in hiring decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a legal issue related to the use of personality testing in employment settings as mentioned in the text?

<p>Job satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality

The set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual.

Psychological traits

Characteristics that describe how people differ from each other.

Human nature

Traits and mechanisms typical of our species, common to nearly everyone.

Individual differences

Ways in which each person is like some other people, such as being extraverted.

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Individual uniqueness

Personal qualities that make each individual unlike any other person.

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Dispositional Perspective

Study of individual differences in personality traits and dispositions.

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Biological Basis of Personality

Assumes personality is rooted in biological systems and genetics.

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Intrapsychic Mechanisms

Mental processes influencing personality, often unconscious.

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Cognitive-Experiential Approach

Focuses on cognition and subjective experience in personality.

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Social and Cultural Influences

Personality shaped by social interactions and cultural contexts.

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Adjustment in Personality

How personality affects coping, adaptation, and overall wellness.

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Role of Personality Theory

Guides research, organizes findings, and predicts behavior.

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Evaluating Personality Theories

Standards to assess the validity and usefulness of personality theories.

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Employment Success

A person's likelihood of thriving in a job based on their personality traits.

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Personality Testing

Assessing individual personality traits to predict job performance and avoid negligent hiring.

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Personality Development

The way individuals remain stable yet change over time in their personality.

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Rank Order Stability

The maintenance of an individual's position relative to others in a group over time.

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Mean Level Stability

The overall constancy of personality traits in a population over time.

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Personality Coherence

Maintaining relative rank order while the expression of traits changes.

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Personality Change

Enduring changes that occur internally within an individual over time.

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Heritability

A statistic indicating what portion of individual differences in personality is due to genetic factors.

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Electrodermal Activity (EDA)

Skin conductance measures arousal via electrical changes from sweat production.

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Cardiovascular Activity

Refers to heart rate and blood pressure, crucial for assessing stress and emotional responses.

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Cardiac Reactivity

Increased heart rate and blood pressure during stress-inducing tasks, linked to personality traits.

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Brain Activity Measurement

Assessment of brain function through techniques like fMRI, PET scans, and EEG.

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Physiological Theories of Personality

Theories linking physiological responses, such as EDA or heart rate, to personality traits.

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Phenotypic variance

Observed individual differences in traits such as height and personality.

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Genotypic variance

Differences in the total collection of genes each person possesses.

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Environmental variance

Differences in traits attributed to environmental factors rather than genetics.

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Misconceptions about heritability

Heritability cannot be applied to individuals, is not constant, and not precise.

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Goals of behavioral genetics

Identify genetic vs. environmental contributions to individual differences.

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Twin studies

Measure heritability by comparing similarity between identical and fraternal twins.

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Adoption studies

Assess genetic vs. environmental influences by comparing traits of adopted children to both biological and adoptive parents.

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Selectivity in family studies

Challenges in family studies due to shared genetics and environment among relatives.

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Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model

A model categorizing personality into extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

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Super Traits

Broad personality traits in Eysenck's model that encompass narrower traits.

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Wiggins Circumplex

A model focusing on interpersonal traits and their relationships.

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Five-Factor Model

A comprehensive model defining personality with five key traits.

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Honesty-Humility

The sixth factor in the HEXACO model, emphasizing sincerity and fairness.

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Dark Triad

A cluster of negative personality traits including narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

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Neuroticism

A personality trait relating to emotional instability, anxiety, and impulsiveness.

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Agreeableness

A personality trait that encompasses trust, altruism, and compliance.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Defining Personality

  • Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within an individual
  • Psychological traits describe differences between people
  • Psychological mechanisms are processes of personality
  • Three levels of personality analysis:
    • Human nature: traits and mechanisms common to all people
    • Individual differences: how people are similar to or different from others
    • Individual uniqueness: how people are unlike anyone else

Chapter 1: Levels of Personality Analysis

  • The gap between grand theories and contemporary research is discussed
  • Six domains of knowledge about human nature:
    • Dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experiential, social and cultural, adjustment

Chapter 2: Sources of Personality Data

  • Self-report data (S-data): information a person provides about themselves
  • Observer-report data (O-data): information from others about a person
  • Test data (T-data): information from standardised tests
  • Life-outcome data (L-data): information from a person's life events and activities

Chapter 2: Evaluating Personality Measures

  • Reliability: the degree to which a measure is consistent
  • Validity: the degree to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure
    • Different types of reliability and validity, including test-retest, internal consistency and inter-rater reliability

Chapter 2: Research Designs in Personality

  • Experimental methods: used to determine causality
    • Manipulation of variables and counterbalancing are key

Chapter 3: Traits as Internal Properties

  • Traits as internal causal properties: desires and needs are carried throughout various situations
  • Traits as descriptive summaries: characteristics without assuming internal causes, describing differences and then developing theories
  • Act frequency formulation of traits: a trait is the summary of a person's behaviours relative to other people
  • Three fundamental approaches to identifying traits:
    • Lexical, statistical, theoretical

Chapter 3: Trait Taxonomies

  • Eysenck's hierarchical model of personality: traits organized into categories
  • The Wiggins Circumplex: visual representation of relationships among personality traits
  • Five Factor model: five major dimensions of personality (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness)

Chapter 4: Understanding Traits

  • Theoretical issues in trait psychology: examining how meaningfully differences exist between individuals

Chapter 5: Personality Development

  • Personality development: Examining how personality changes over time, considers consistencies, stability, and changes
  • Rank order stability
  • Mean level stability
  • Personality coherence

Chapter 6: Genes and Personality

  • Role of genes and environments in influencing personality, considering primary goals and research methods of behavioral genetics
  • Heritability, phenotypic and genotypic variance
  • Selective Breeding
  • Family studies
  • Twin studies
  • Adoption studies
  • Investigating the role of molecular genetics in personality

Chapter 7: Physiological Measurements and Personality

  • Examining the relationship between human physiology and personality
  • Physiological measures used in personality research (e.g., electrodermal activity, cardiovascular activity, brain activity)
  • Theoretical basis of personality and related research findings

Chapter 7: Specific Physiological Theories

  • Eysenck's extraversion-introversion theory: differences in arousal levels in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
  • Cloninger's tridimensional personality model: considering novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence
  • Sensation seeking

Chapter 7: Brain Asymmetry

  • EEG measures brain activity, looking at pleasant or unpleasant emotions
  • Left hemisphere more active with pleasant emotions
  • Right hemisphere more active with unpleasant emotions

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