Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?
What is the primary difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?
How do self-efficacy beliefs specifically influence behavior?
How do self-efficacy beliefs specifically influence behavior?
Which of the following accurately describes outcome expectations?
Which of the following accurately describes outcome expectations?
What do goals represent in the context of behavior motivation?
What do goals represent in the context of behavior motivation?
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In reciprocal determinism, which factor influences the others?
In reciprocal determinism, which factor influences the others?
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What is self-efficacy primarily concerned with?
What is self-efficacy primarily concerned with?
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How do competencies and skills affect behavior according to social-cognitive theory?
How do competencies and skills affect behavior according to social-cognitive theory?
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What role do evaluative standards play in social-cognitive theory?
What role do evaluative standards play in social-cognitive theory?
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Which aspect of behavior is emphasized by reciprocal determinism in social-cognitive theory?
Which aspect of behavior is emphasized by reciprocal determinism in social-cognitive theory?
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What is an example of context specificity in skills and competencies?
What is an example of context specificity in skills and competencies?
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How do outcome expectations relate to self-efficacy?
How do outcome expectations relate to self-efficacy?
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What type of skills are particularly crucial in social-cognitive theory for handling problems?
What type of skills are particularly crucial in social-cognitive theory for handling problems?
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In social-cognitive theory, goals are primarily seen as:
In social-cognitive theory, goals are primarily seen as:
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What is the relationship between self-efficacy and goal difficulty?
What is the relationship between self-efficacy and goal difficulty?
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Which of the following best describes self-evaluative standards?
Which of the following best describes self-evaluative standards?
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What does reciprocal determinism suggest about behavior?
What does reciprocal determinism suggest about behavior?
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What are evaluative standards primarily centered around?
What are evaluative standards primarily centered around?
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In the context of the cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS), how do situational features affect behavior?
In the context of the cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS), how do situational features affect behavior?
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What is the primary mechanism through which individuals acquire new information and skills, according to social-cognitive theory?
What is the primary mechanism through which individuals acquire new information and skills, according to social-cognitive theory?
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Which statement about self-evaluative reactions is correct?
Which statement about self-evaluative reactions is correct?
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What are the two major psychological functions in social-cognitive theory?
What are the two major psychological functions in social-cognitive theory?
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Study Notes
Personality Chapter 12
- This week's question: Social-cognitive theory claims self-efficacy perceptions cause behavior. In what area of life does high or low self-efficacy influence behavior?
Social-Cognitive Theory
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Theorists:
- Albert Bandura (Bobo doll experiments)
- Walter Mischel (focused on cognitive-social personal variables, worked with inner-city youth)
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View of the Person:
- People reason about the world using language.
- Reasoning includes the past, present, and future, and self-reflection.
- This theory applies only to humans.
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View of the Science of Personality:
- Built on other theories and scientific advances.
- Integrates knowledge from other branches of psychology.
- Focuses on practical applications.
Personality Structure
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Competencies and Skills: These are the building blocks for handling the world. Abilities vary.
- Example: Conscientiousness - cognitive skills enable people to follow social norms.
- Problem-solving and coping skills are crucial.
- Skills include thinking about and executing solutions to problems.
- Suicidal ideation is one example.
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Skills and Competencies (continued):
- Some actions require multiple competencies.
- Context specificity: Certain psychological structures are relevant to specific situations but not others.
- Example: Study skills don't automatically translate to dating skills (different contexts).
- Skills are learned through social interaction and observation (learning theory).
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Structure (continued):
- Beliefs and Expectancies: Beliefs about the world and its future. These can vary across situations.
- Evaluative Standards: Our idea of what the world should be like.
- Goals: Desired future outcomes.
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Structure (continued): The Self and Self-efficacy Beliefs
- Self-efficacy: Our belief in our own ability to perform a behavior.
- Perceived self-efficacy: How capable we believe we'll be in the future.
- Higher self-efficacy: Increased likelihood of trying difficult tasks, persistent effort, calm performance, analytical thinking.
- Lower self-efficacy: Opposite characteristics.
- Self-efficacy is different from self-esteem; self-esteem is more global and a measure of worth.
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Structure (continued): Self-efficacy expectations vs Outcome expectations
- Outcome expectations: Beliefs about rewards and punishments resulting from behavior.
- Self-efficacy expectations: Belief in performing the behavior to produce the outcome.
- Assessment: Microanalytic research strategy involves detailed measures of perceived self-efficacy before and after performance. Specific measures can change over time.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Self-efficacy and Performance
- Perceptions of self-efficacy causally influence behavior.
- Self-efficacy is a cause of behavior, but not the only one.
- Influences coping with disappointment and stress; promotes feelings of control.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Goals
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Goals: Mental representations of desired outcomes that motivate and direct behavior.
- Example: Goal of graduating, requires specific actions.
- Goal systems have varying importance.
- Hierarchy exists, with some goals being more central.
- Goals are not static. Individuals prioritize different goals depending on situations and opportunities.
- Proximal (short-term) vs distal (long-term) goals.
- Proximal goals have a stronger impact on behavior.
- Higher self-efficacy is linked to pursuing more challenging goals
Social-Cognitive Theory - Evaluative Standards
- Evaluative standards: Evaluating the worth of people, things, or events.
- Personal standards are fundamental to motivation and performance.
- Self-evaluative reactions (satisfaction or dissatisfaction) act as reinforcers.
- Moral standards are central evaluative standards.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Structure Review
- Structure: Beliefs & expectancies, Goals, Evaluative Standards, Competencies & skills.
- Each of these describes a type of thinking/cognition.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Process
- Reciprocal Determinism: Behavior is influenced by the person, their actions, and the environment, all interacting in a two-way process.
- Example: The classroom environment, student behavior, and student motivations interact.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS)
- CAPS: Cognitive and emotional variables are interconnected and interact with the situation to affect behavior.
- Situational features influence subsets of personality.
- Behavior varies across situations.
- Behavioral signatures are how the combination of individual factors and situational factors interact to produce behavior.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Growth and Development
- Growth and Development: Acquiring knowledge and skills, and regulating actions and emotions.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Learning
- Observational learning: People learn by watching others.
- See rewards and punishments in others, learn appropriate behavior.
- Not mere imitation, but general rules and principles are learned.
- Acquisition (learning skills) vs performance (demonstrating learned skills, generally dependent on reinforcement).
- Vicarious conditioning: Learn emotional reactions by observing others.
Social-Cognitive Theory - Self-Regulation and Motivation
- Self-regulation: Self-directed motivation, encompassing more than just skills and performance.
- Anticipation of positive emotions/satisfaction motivates behavior.
- Self-efficacy, goals, and self-evaluation contribute to self-regulation.
- Example: Marshmallow Experiment
Social-Cognitive Theory - How Good Self-Regulation Helps
- Delay of gratification: Resisting immediate rewards.
- Learning from observational learning.
- Setting high standards, resulting in self-motivation.
- Coping with frustrating feelings such as distractions, imagery.
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Description
This quiz explores the impact of self-efficacy on behavior according to social-cognitive theory. Delve into the insights of theorists Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel as you reflect on how competencies and skills shape individual actions. Test your understanding of personality structure and its real-world applications.
