Social Cognitive Theory and Family Influences

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Questions and Answers

What does self-efficacy expectations refer to in social cognitive theory?

Beliefs in one's capability to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (correct)

The level of motivation

Beliefs about the consequences of given actions

The outcome of a behaviour

What influences an individual's self-efficacy expectations?

Only social persuasion and physiological states

Prior performance, vicarious learning, social persuasion, and physiological and emotional states (correct)

Only vicarious learning and social persuasion

Only prior performance and accomplishments

What role do outcome expectations play in social cognitive theory?

They determine the outcome of a behaviour

They influence an individual's self-efficacy expectations

They refer to the belief about the consequence of a behaviour (correct)

They determine an individual's level of motivation

What is the result of low self-efficacy expectations?

Decreased motivation and perseverance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of learning by observing others?

Vicarious learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the three-way reciprocal influence between behaviour, cognitive, and environmental factors?

Triadic reciprocity Signup and view all the answers

What do distal influences refer to in social cognitive theory?

Long-term cultural and societal factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of observing and reflecting on one's own behaviour?

Self-observation generalisations Signup and view all the answers

What type of beliefs are relatively dynamic and specific to a particular activity domain?

Task-specific self-efficacy beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary path of contextual influence on the acquisition of self-efficacy and outcome expectations?

Distal influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected utility model defined in terms of?

Objectives, choices, outcomes, attributes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations?

Self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations are related but distinct Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of self-efficacy related to?

Beliefs in one's capability to organize and execute courses of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary path of contextual influence on the acquisition of self-efficacy and outcome expectations?

Distal influences, moderators of interest and choice, and direct influence on choice Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome expectation?

Belief about what the result of behavior will be Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of triadic reciproality related to?

Self-efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and task approach skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)?

Explaining how basic academic and career interests develop, educational and career choices are made, and academic and career success is obtained Signup and view all the answers

What is the motivational factor that plays a key role in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of learning by observing the behavior of a model?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), what is the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations?

Self-efficacy beliefs influence outcome expectations Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between a person's behavior, their environment, and their personal factors?

Triadic Reciprocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the expectations that a person has about the outcomes of their actions?

Outcome expectations Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), what is the role of self-efficacy in career development?

Self-efficacy is a dynamic and specific confidence in one's ability to perform career-related tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of making generalizations about oneself based on observations of one's own behavior?

Self-observation generalizations Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the skills and abilities that are required to approach and accomplish tasks?

Task approach skills Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the influences on behavior that are distant in time or space, but still have an impact on behavior?

Distal influences Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Family, religion, values, expectations, women's roles, and availability of models influence career development
Education system affects post-secondary opportunities, which in turn affect career choices

Self-efficacy expectations: beliefs in one's capability to organize and execute courses of action to manage prospective situations • Influenced by cognitive appraisals of one's capacity to perform specific behaviors (future-directed) • Affects initiation/choice of activities, effort, persistence in the face of obstacles, and ultimately success
Outcome expectations: beliefs about the consequences of given actions • Influenced by what will happen if one does a particular action (consequences of successful performance)

Sources of Self-Efficacy Information

Prior performance, accomplishment
Vicarious learning
Social persuasion
Physiological and emotional states

Self-Efficacy Expectations

Beliefs individuals have about their capabilities • Affects career tasks attempted, with individuals more likely to attempt tasks they believe they can do • Acquired through direct experience, vicarious learning, social persuasion, and physiological/emotional states

Outcome Expectations

Beliefs about the results of behavior • Influenced by what will happen if one does a particular action

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

1. Outcome expectation refers to the belief about what the result of behavior will be: True
1. Primary paths of contextual influences include distal effects on acquisition of self-efficacy and outcome expectations, moderators of interest choice relations, and direct influence on choice: 1, 2, and 3
1. Self-efficacy beliefs are relatively dynamic and specific to particular activity domains
1. Expected utility model defines decision making in terms of objectives, choices, outcomes, and attributes
1. The PIC model is not an extension of the sequential elimination model: False
1. Descriptive decision-making models include satisficing
1. Career undecidedness refers to chronic indecision, whereas career indecisiveness refers to simple indecision: True
1. Career indecision subtypes determined by career measures include well-adjusted info seekers, neurotic indecisive info seekers, low-ability info seekers, and uncommitted extroverts### Career Psychology (Nelson Mandela University)

Holland Theory

Career is an expression of interest and personality
Interest inventories are personality inventories
Career stereotypes are meaningful and have reliable and meaningful psychological and sociological meanings
Similarities in personality and history of personal development can lead to congruence in work environments
Congruence of personality and work environment affects satisfaction, stability, and achievement

Basic Tenets of Holland's Theory

Each individual can be described as a combination of 1 or more of 6 types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
Environments can be described as a combination of 1 or more of 6 types
Individuals seek environments that have the same or similar type as theirs
Types of environments include school subjects, friends, majors, career paths, education, and training, hobbies, and occupations

Holland's 6 Types

Realistic: work with hands, tools, and equipment, and like tangible results
Investigative: work with science and math, and are problem solvers
Artistic: work with art, music, and words, and like to express self-creativity
Social: work face-to-face with people to help, teach, and counsel
Enterprising: work face-to-face with people to sell, lead, and manage
Conventional: work with data, numbers, and records to keep orderly

Applications of Holland's Theory

Learn about individuals' interests
Understand why people are satisfied or dissatisfied in their work
Assist individuals in choosing majors, career pathways, and courses of study
Organize high school curriculum and college majors
Provide structure for career guidance services

Super's Theory

Background Information

Different segments of theories: developmental, differential, social, personality, and phenomenological psychology
Developmental and self-concept are vital
Career isn't once-off, but an ongoing process
Self-concept changes over time and develops as a result of experience

Propositions

Differential segment: 3 propositions reflect differences in people and occupational requirements
Self-concept segment: 6 propositions reflect the development of self-concept
Developmental segment: 2 propositions reflect the concept of developmental career maturity
Work and life satisfaction segment: 3 propositions reflect the concept of work and life satisfaction

The Life Career Rainbow

2 core dimensions: life stage developmental sequence and 6 possible life roles
An individual's life is in the intersection of 2 dimensions
The role of self remains critical in lifespan

Career Maturity

Refers to a normative state of self-concept development
Originated and defined largely in terms of adolescent's readiness to make educational and career choices
"Do I know enough about my self to know which career path will accommodate and validate its qualities and competencies?"

Career Readiness

Appropriate knowledge of self
Effective decision-making skills
Gain appropriate knowledge of careers
Be able to integrate the knowledge of self and careers
Be able to plan for a career

Career Adaptability

Readiness to cope with changing nature of their work commitments and balance between work and other life roles
Career transitions
Away from a linear conceptualization of development with only predictable tasks and includes the ability to cope with unpredictable adjustments due to contextual changes

Based on Albert Bandura's general social cognitive theory
Observational learning: learning that occurs by observing the behavior of a model
Self-efficacy: people's belief that they have the capabilities to perform behaviors that will lead to a desirable outcome
Learning a behavior is not enough for it to be carried out; there needs to be some motivation

SCCT

Aimed at explaining 3 interrelated aspects of career development
How basic academic and career interests develop
How educational and career choices are made
How academic and career success is obtained
3 intricately linked variables: self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals

Career development is a product of 4 factors: genetic endowment, environment conditions, learning experiences, and self-observation generalizations
Instrumental and associative learning
Task approach skills: self-observation, goal-setting, and information seeking

Triadic Reciprocity

Underlying principle: individuals are active agents in their environment; they can shape it as much as it shapes them

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Description

This quiz covers the social cognitive theory and its relation to family, education, and personal values. It explores how self-efficacy expectations and cognitive appraisals affect individual behavior and opportunities.