Persistent Inequality and Discrimination

<p>Intentional discrimination is a significant factor but may not fully explain persistent disparities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies show racial bias has significantly decreased over the past 40 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious bias can still affect hiring decisions even when credentials are equal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of factors, including historical patterns of discrimination and unconscious bias, contributes to racial disparities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in intelligence based on race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent racial gaps stem from feedback loops between culture and structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loury's model of self-reinforcing phenomena, similar to complex systems theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political networks, where political influence and policy impact opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group membership, based on race and class, influences skill acquisition and earning potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture and structure are mutually reinforcing, each influencing and shaping the other in a feedback loop. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited access to quality education for children in underfunded schools in segregated neighborhoods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback loops, when considered collectively, have contributed to the entrenchment of racial inequality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A systemic perspective, acknowledging the interplay of culture, structure, and individual agency in perpetuating inequality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial gaps are caused by market imperfections that allow preferences for discrimination to persist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Market forces can't eliminate preferences for discrimination because those with such preferences are willing to pay a price for them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They face higher costs that are ultimately unsustainable in a competitive market. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of diverse representation in the workforce, leading to limited access to opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inherent limitations of market forces to address the issue of racial discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic explanations are useful but need to be complemented by other theoretical perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of market forces and competition on discriminatory practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunities and resources were increasingly distributed based on merit, leading to a widening gap between intelligent and unintelligent people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Government intervention to encourage intelligent people to reproduce at a faster rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The book ignored the role of social and economic factors in determining intelligence and achievement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Test scores can be influenced by expectations and perceptions of the test takers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social and economic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncertain about the relative influence of genetics and environment on IQ disparities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Readers were quick to dismiss the book's claims without carefully considering the evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate that the debate about intelligence and race is complex and nuanced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be seen as rational responses to structural limitations and inequalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prevalence of female-headed households in certain communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural factors should be considered, but they are often incomplete explanations without structural context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collective attitudes towards law enforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structure shapes culture, and culture in turn shapes and contributes to the structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of structural racism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural conditions can influence economic outcomes even within similar racial backgrounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A valid but incomplete explanation of racial disparities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tendency towards self-sufficiency and minimal social interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory's failure to acknowledge the role of discrimination in perpetuating poverty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of access to resources and opportunities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rational justification for isolation in violent neighborhoods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It continues to influence discussions about racial inequality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choosing to minimize interaction with outside networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To critically examine the 'culture of poverty' argument and its shortcomings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A way of life passed down through generations that includes values and behaviors emerging from the experience of poverty.

A controversial report by Senator Moynihan linking poverty among American blacks to family and social structure breakdown in urban ghettos.

A social class that is isolated from mainstream society and often characterized by poverty, unemployment, and discouragement.

Critics argue about the difficulty in defining culture, proving its transmission, and rationalizing certain behaviors as responses to poverty.

The interconnectedness of community members and families that contributes to societal stability.

A rational choice made by families to avoid outside networks for safety and protection.

Behaviors deemed as harmful or dysfunctional, often misunderstood as responses to poverty.

A sociologist who argues that some practices, like isolation, are rational responses to living in violent conditions.

A process where culture and structure reinforce each other continuously.

The ongoing cycle where racial groups experience sustained economic disadvantage.

An early framework explaining how race and class affect skill acquisition and income.

The physical separation of racial groups into different neighborhoods.

Educational institutions lacking sufficient financial resources, often in poorer neighborhoods.

Relationships among people that may influence job opportunities and economic success.

Collective wealth and resources of neighbors affecting children's education and success.

Selection processes in institutions that influence future job prospects for individuals.

Conflicts in society regarding cultural values and practices, especially in the 1980s.

Perceived disadvantages in cultural practices that are thought to negatively affect performance.

Environmental and social processes that position people within society, affecting their opportunities.

Shared values and behaviors within a community that shape social interactions and norms.

Behaviors or practices that are developed as reactions to environmental challenges.

Support systems in communities where single mothers collaborate for resources and childcare.

Economic expansion that does not lead to an increase in employment opportunities.

The relationship between social structures and cultural practices, where each influences the other.

A belief or expectation that causes itself to become true.

Choices made by marginalized groups influenced by prevailing stereotypes.

Generalizations that affect behavior and productivity.

Outdated beliefs linking intelligence to physiological traits.

The study of skull measurements used to argue racial superiority.

Intentional discrimination based on race that has decreased over time.

Research demonstrating racial bias in hiring practices through identical resumes.

Ongoing inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for different races.

Theories suggesting genetics influence racial gaps, discredited by academics.

Racial gaps persist due to preferences for discrimination in market interactions.

Imperfect competition prevents the elimination of discriminatory preferences.

Suggests that competitive markets will eliminate racism over time.

An irrational preference causing individuals to favor certain groups over others.

In a competitive market, discriminatory employers will lose to fairer ones.

Theories attributing racial gaps to the structure of societal frameworks.

A book by Herrnstein and Murray discussing IQ and social inequality.

Highly intelligent individuals who benefit from merit-based opportunities.

Resources distributed according to ability and skills, not class.

The claim that genetics may influence racial IQ disparities.

Anthropologist who criticized The Bell Curve's scientific validity.

The impact of education and class on intelligence test scores.

Concerns about bias in how IQ tests are conducted and interpreted.

Past beliefs linking physical traits to intelligence across races.