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Questions and Answers
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?
Ganglia
What do we call neuronal processes that transmit membrane potentials away from the neuronal cell body?
What do we call neuronal processes that transmit membrane potentials away from the neuronal cell body?
Axons
What do we call neuronal processes that carry receptors for neurotransmitters and that transmit membrane potentials toward the neuronal body?
What do we call neuronal processes that carry receptors for neurotransmitters and that transmit membrane potentials toward the neuronal body?
Dendrites
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?
What are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?
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What is the functional classification for neurons that carry information from the central nervous system to peripheral effector organs?
What is the functional classification for neurons that carry information from the central nervous system to peripheral effector organs?
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What type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?
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What type of glial cell is responsible for supporting neurons and maintaining the blood/brain barrier?
What type of glial cell is responsible for supporting neurons and maintaining the blood/brain barrier?
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Which labeled portion of the diagram corresponds to the resting potential of the axon?
Which labeled portion of the diagram corresponds to the resting potential of the axon?
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Which labeled portion of the diagram corresponds to the repolarization of the axon?
Which labeled portion of the diagram corresponds to the repolarization of the axon?
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What do we call the period during which inhibition of an action potential requires a higher than normal threshold stimulus?
What do we call the period during which inhibition of an action potential requires a higher than normal threshold stimulus?
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What do we call the period during which an action potential cannot be initiated regardless of the strength of the stimulus?
What do we call the period during which an action potential cannot be initiated regardless of the strength of the stimulus?
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Depolarization is the result of the rapid entry of which ion into the cell?
Depolarization is the result of the rapid entry of which ion into the cell?
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Hyperpolarization is the result of the excessive exit of which ion from the cell?
Hyperpolarization is the result of the excessive exit of which ion from the cell?
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In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of curare on the nerve?
In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of curare on the nerve?
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In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of lidocaine on the nerve?
In the PhysioEx exercise, what was the effect of lidocaine on the nerve?
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What fluid fills the cochlear duct?
What fluid fills the cochlear duct?
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What fluid fills the scala tympani?
What fluid fills the scala tympani?
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The bending of light as it passes from a material of one density to a material of a different density is called?
The bending of light as it passes from a material of one density to a material of a different density is called?
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The inability of the eye to focus well on far objects is called:
The inability of the eye to focus well on far objects is called:
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The inability of the eye to focus well on close objects as a result of abnormal shape of the eyeball is called:
The inability of the eye to focus well on close objects as a result of abnormal shape of the eyeball is called:
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Which cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
Which cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
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Which cranial nerve supplies the superior rectus muscle of the eye?
Which cranial nerve supplies the superior rectus muscle of the eye?
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Which of the tunics (layers) does the ciliary body belong to?
Which of the tunics (layers) does the ciliary body belong to?
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Which of the three tunics(layers) does the cornea belong to?
Which of the three tunics(layers) does the cornea belong to?
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Which of the three tunics (layers) does the retina belong to?
Which of the three tunics (layers) does the retina belong to?
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To which portion of the ear (outer, middle, inner) does the incus belong?
To which portion of the ear (outer, middle, inner) does the incus belong?
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To which portion of the ear (outer, middle, inner) does the acoustic meatus belong?
To which portion of the ear (outer, middle, inner) does the acoustic meatus belong?
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With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the utricle associated?
With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the utricle associated?
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With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the semicircular canal associated?
With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the semicircular canal associated?
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With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the cochlea associated?
With which sense (hearing, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium) is the cochlea associated?
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The term "carpal" refers to which region of the body?
The term "carpal" refers to which region of the body?
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The elbow is ______ to the hand.
The elbow is ______ to the hand.
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The ______ is ______ to the fingers.
The ______ is ______ to the fingers.
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The wrist is ______ to the spine.
The wrist is ______ to the spine.
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The belly-button is ______ to the spine.
The belly-button is ______ to the spine.
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The breastbone is ______ to the spine.
The breastbone is ______ to the spine.
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You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The height of the focal point will ______.
You are examining a microscope slide under the 4X objective lens and you switch to the 10X objective lens. The height of the focal point will ______.
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If you are using an objective lens with a power of 40X and ocular lenses with a power of 10X, the total magnification of the specimen will be ______ X.
If you are using an objective lens with a power of 40X and ocular lenses with a power of 10X, the total magnification of the specimen will be ______ X.
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This structure must be able to generate force to move other structures under voluntary control. Name the criteria by which connective tissue are classified? (Check all that apply)
This structure must be able to generate force to move other structures under voluntary control. Name the criteria by which connective tissue are classified? (Check all that apply)
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What do we call an epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick and is composed of cells that are higher than they are wide?
What do we call an epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick and is composed of cells that are higher than they are wide?
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What type of tissue consists of one or more cell types embedded within a non-living matrix?
What type of tissue consists of one or more cell types embedded within a non-living matrix?
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What primary type of tissue is both excitable and contractile?
What primary type of tissue is both excitable and contractile?
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What primary tissue is excitable but not contractile?
What primary tissue is excitable but not contractile?
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What paired, cylindrical bodies direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?
What paired, cylindrical bodies direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?
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The daughter chromosomes separate during which phase of mitosis?
The daughter chromosomes separate during which phase of mitosis?
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A round or oval opening through a bone is a ______.
A round or oval opening through a bone is a ______.
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A site for muscle or ligament attachment that consists of a prominent but narrow ridge of bone is a ______.
A site for muscle or ligament attachment that consists of a prominent but narrow ridge of bone is a ______.
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The tiny bones that sometimes form between the sutures of the cranial bones are called ______.
The tiny bones that sometimes form between the sutures of the cranial bones are called ______.
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What functional type of articulation is a suture?
What functional type of articulation is a suture?
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What structural type of articulation is a suture?
What structural type of articulation is a suture?
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What is the name of the type of synovial joint that has no rotational movement but only gliding movement between flat or slightly curved bones?
What is the name of the type of synovial joint that has no rotational movement but only gliding movement between flat or slightly curved bones?
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What is the name of the type of synovial joint that has rotational movement around a single axis that accomplishes rotation at the joint? This joint involves a rounded bone that fits into a sleeve.
What is the name of the type of synovial joint that has rotational movement around a single axis that accomplishes rotation at the joint? This joint involves a rounded bone that fits into a sleeve.
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List two of the seven criteria listed in your lab manual that are used to name muscles?
List two of the seven criteria listed in your lab manual that are used to name muscles?
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The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called ______.
The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called ______.
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A strong, cord-like bundle of connective tissue that connects a muscle to another muscle or to a bone is called ______.
A strong, cord-like bundle of connective tissue that connects a muscle to another muscle or to a bone is called ______.
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What do we call muscles that immobilize the origin of another muscle so that all of the tension is exerted at the insertion?
What do we call muscles that immobilize the origin of another muscle so that all of the tension is exerted at the insertion?
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What do we call muscles that aid the action of other muscles by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement?
What do we call muscles that aid the action of other muscles by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement?
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Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the trapezius muscle?
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the trapezius muscle?
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Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which of the seven criteria used for naming a muscle applies to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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What experimental factor do we increase to produce tetany rather than simple wave summation?
What experimental factor do we increase to produce tetany rather than simple wave summation?
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A neuron and all of the muscle cells that it stimulates are together called a ______.
A neuron and all of the muscle cells that it stimulates are together called a ______.
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Name the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Name the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
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Name one action of the supraspinatus muscle.
Name one action of the supraspinatus muscle.
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Name on insertion of the deltoid muscle.
Name on insertion of the deltoid muscle.
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Name on insertion of the supraspinatus muscle.
Name on insertion of the supraspinatus muscle.
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Name on origin of the platysma muscle.
Name on origin of the platysma muscle.
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Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Name one origin of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
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Study Notes
Peripheral Nervous System
- Clusters of neuronal cell bodies are called ganglia.
- Neuronal processes transmitting signals away from the cell body are axons.
- Neuronal processes carrying signals toward the cell body are dendrites.
- Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system are called nuclei.
- Neurons carrying information from the CNS to peripheral organs are motor neurons.
Glial Cells
- Schwann cells myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.
- Astrocytes support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
Action Potential
- Resting potential of an axon is represented by label A.
- Repolarization of an axon is represented by label C.
- Depolarization of an axon is represented by label B.
- The relative refractory period is the period where inhibition of an action potential requires a higher than normal threshold stimulus.
- The absolute refractory period is the period where an action action potential cannot be initiated regardless of the stimulus strength.
- Depolarization results from rapid sodium ion entry.
- Hyperpolarization results from excessive potassium ion exit.
PhysioEx Exercise
- Curare inhibits nerve function.
- Lidocaine inhibits nerve function.
Ear Anatomy
- Endolymph fills the cochlear duct.
- Perilymph fills the scala tympani.
Eye Anatomy and Function
- Bending of light is called refraction.
- Inability to focus on far objects is myopia.
- Inability to focus on close objects is hyperopia.
- Superior oblique muscle is supplied by the trochlear nerve.
- Inferior oblique muscle is supplied by the oculomotor nerve.
- Superior rectus muscle is supplied by the oculomotor nerve.
- Ciliary body is part of the vascular tunic.
- Cornea is part of the fibrous tunic.
- Retina is part of the sensory tunic.
- Incus is part of the middle ear.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue is classified by matrix composition, protein fiber type, cell arrangement, and cell type.
Epithelial Tissue
- Simple epithelium is one cell layer thick.
- Stratified epithelium is multiple cell layers thick.
Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal muscle is excitable and contractile.
- Nervous tissue is excitable but not contractile.
- Centrioles direct mitotic spindle formation.
Bone Anatomy
- Foramen is a round opening through a bone.
- Crest is a prominent, narrow ridge.
- Wormian bones are tiny bones between cranial sutures.
- Sutures are fibrous joints.
Muscle Nomenclature
- Muscle names often relate to shape, action, location of origin and insertion, and frequency of stimulation.
Synovial Joints
- Plane joints have gliding movements.
- Pivot joints allow rotation around a single axis.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell.
- Tendons connect muscles to other muscles or bones.
- Fixators immobilize the origin of a muscle.
- Synergists assist other muscles.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of the Peripheral Nervous System, including the roles of neurons and glial cells. Discover the mechanisms of action potentials and the importance of ganglia and nuclei in neural communication.
