Questions and Answers
What does the carpentered world theory suggest?
What does the symbolizing three dimensions in two theory focus on?
Western cultures focus more on representations on paper.
W.H.R. Rivers believed that people of India and New Guinea were more educated than those in England.
False
What were the findings of Segall and colleagues in relation to the Muller-Lyer and horizontal-vertical illusions?
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What study did Hudson (1960) conduct on cultural differences in perception?
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What was concluded about cultural differences in memory as a function of oral tradition?
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European Americans and Asians exhibit equal episodic memory in recalling autobiographical events.
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What is a stereotype threat?
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What was the main finding of Steele and Aronson's (1995) study on stereotype threats?
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What happens to the effects of illusions with age?
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Study Notes
Carpentered World Theory
- Suggests urbanized and industrialized societies develop an expectation for rectangular shapes due to prevalent carpentered environments, such as buildings and homes.
Symbolizing Three Dimensions in Two Theory
- Proposes Western cultures prioritize paper representations, focusing heavily on picture interpretation.
- People from non-Western societies, like New Guinea and India, show different perceptual responses; they are less deceived by the Mueller-Lyer illusion but more affected by the horizontal-vertical illusion, reflecting a lifestyle-centric perception.
W.H.R. Rivers on Illusions
- Rivers found English individuals perceived significant differences in lengths in the Mueller-Lyer illusion, while Indians and New Guineans were more influenced by the horizontal-vertical illusion.
- Rivers believed the differences in perception indicated a level of primitiveness associated with Indian and New Guinean participants compared to educated English individuals.
Segall's Research on Illusions
- Segall's study involved participants from 14 industrialized countries and 14 non-industrialized countries, confirming that the Müller-Lyer illusion was more pronounced among industrialized groups.
- In contrast, non-industrialized participants exhibited stronger responses to the horizontal-vertical illusion.
Hudson's Study on Cultural Differences
- Hudson’s 1960 study compared Bantu and American participants, revealing variances in depth perception through hunting scene interpretation.
- Westerners tended to select the closest object, while Bantu participants interpreted all objects as being in one location, showcasing how cultural background influences perceptual interpretation.
Cultural Memory and Oral Tradition
- Individuals from nonliterate societies reportedly exhibit enhanced memory skills due to reliance on oral traditions for information retention.
- In a study, Ghanaian college students outperformed American peers in recalling stories read aloud, highlighting the impact of cultural background on memory related to narrative versus non-narrative tasks.
Episodic Memory Across Cultures
- European and European American individuals generally demonstrate stronger episodic memory recall for autobiographical events compared to Asian and Asian American counterparts.
- A study found that Canadian children recalled more early childhood memories than Chinese children, indicating that cultural norms and self-construals affect memory, independent of cognitive capacities.
Stereotype Threats
- Defined as the anxiety that arises from the fear of confirming negative stereotypes related to one's group, specifically in domains like education and performance.
Steele and Aronson's Study on Stereotype Threats
- Steele and Aronson (1995) investigated how societal academic stereotypes impacted Black college students' performance.
- Their research concluded that awareness of race prior to testing led to decreased performance among Black students on standardized tests, especially when framed as measures of intellectual ability. Conversely, when tests were presented as unrelated to intellectual capability, performance disparities lessened.
Age Effect on Perception
- Illustrates that the impact of visual illusions diminishes with age due to changes in vision and reduced visual clarity over time.
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Description
Test your understanding of key theories in perception, including the carpentered world theory and the symbolizing three dimensions in two theory. Delve into how culture influences our perception of the environment around us through these intriguing concepts.
