Perception and Developmental Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is meant by 'perceptual constancy' in the context of perception?

The tendency to perceive an object as having constant shape regardless of changes in viewing angle.

The recognition of color remaining stable despite variations in ambient lighting. (correct)

The ability to recognize different objects as the same under varying environmental conditions.

The perception of object size remaining constant despite changes in distance from the observer.

Which of the following describes a 'cross-sectional design' in developmental psychology?

A long-term study observing one individual's development over several years.

A study focusing exclusively on cognitive changes in a specific age cohort.

A method that compares individuals from different age groups at one point in time. (correct)

An approach where participants are grouped by their life experiences rather than their age.

In Gestalt psychology, which principle is primarily concerned with distinguishing an object from its background?

Proximity

Closure

Figure and Ground (correct)

Similarity

What is a core focus of developmental psychology?

Studying physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout a person's life. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of perceptual organization involves arranging elements based on their common features?

Similarity Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive ability tends to decline with age according to the studies mentioned?

Recall of new information Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ability to recognize new information across adulthood?

It remains stable Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of introductions affect younger and older adults in recalling names?

Younger adults recall names better after two or three introductions Signup and view all the answers

According to the research by Schonfield & Robertson, when does recognition ability decline?

During early and middle adulthood Signup and view all the answers

At what age group is the performance in recalling new names poorer according to the data provided?

Older adults aged 60 and above Signup and view all the answers

What is the zygote in prenatal development?

The fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development does the organism develop into a fetus?

From 9 weeks after conception until birth Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

An agent that causes birth defects Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with poor prenatal care?

Postnatal care Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Small head and low birth weight Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are carried by each sperm and ovum?

23 chromosomes each Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that can lead to birth defects during pregnancy?

Exposure to teratogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes brain growth during fetal development?

Occurs at a rate of 250,000 neurons per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and responsiveness, providing explanations for rules?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

According to Harry Harlow's research, what is the most critical factor for normal development in infants?

Affectionate contact Signup and view all the answers

What did Harry Harlow conclude about long periods of social isolation?

They can lead to irreparable damage. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of adolescence describes this period as filled with conflict and emotional upheaval?

Storm and Stress Theory Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of peer relationships during adolescence has been highlighted as potentially beneficial?

Adolescents often choose friends with similar backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives argues against the stress-filled view of adolescence, particularly in non-western cultures?

Cultural Relativism Theory Signup and view all the answers

What impact do children have on the happiness of couples according to some researchers?

Children often decrease happiness due to gender role pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What did Harry Harlow's studies using baby macaque monkeys primarily demonstrate about attachments?

Physical comfort is more crucial than provisioning. Signup and view all the answers

What range of consciousness level is represented by 'sleeping'?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates a higher level of consciousness?

Preparing to give your first speech in class Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is associated with associating two events together?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of learning as defined in the content?

A relatively permanent change in behavior Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon does Ivan Pavlov's research primarily illustrate?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is typically thought to indicate a low level of consciousness?

Vegetative coma Signup and view all the answers

Which experience illustrates the concept of 'experience is the key to learning'?

Experiencing a hands-on project Signup and view all the answers

What type of response does classical conditioning focus on?

Involuntary response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Perception

The perception of a distal stimulus (physical object) occurs through the proximal stimulus (retinal image)
Gestalt grouping principles are used by the brain to perceive objects
The brain uses figure and ground organization to separate objects from their background.
Perceptual constancy: color and brightness appear constant despite changes in sensory information.
Escher pictures are famous for their illusions that play on perceptual organization
Illusions occur when the brain misinterprets sensory information.
Stereograms are images that appear 3D when focused on a particular spot

Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology is the study of physical, cognitive, and social changes across the lifespan.
Longitudinal designs track the same individuals over time to study development
Cross-sectional designs compare different age groups at a single point in time
The prenatal development stages are zygote, embryo, and fetus.
The zygote is the fertilized egg that rapidly divides and becomes the embryo
The embryo develops from week 2 to week 8 of pregnancy.
The fetus develops from week 9 of pregnancy until birth.
Heredity and environment both play roles in development.
Heredity refers to genetic factors received from parents, which influence physical and behavioral traits
Environment includes all the external influences that shape development, including learning, experiences, and models.
Poor prenatal care can lead to birth defects
Teratogens, such as drugs, radiation, and viruses, can also cause birth defects.
Infants are born with an immature visual system
Social isolation is detrimental to development.
The "storm and stress" theory of adolescence posits it's a turbulent period, but research suggests this may not be universally true.
Adolescents are heavily influenced by their peers, often opting for friends with similar backgrounds.
Some researchers argue that the presence of children in relationships often leads to decreased happiness between couples, due to gender role expectations.
The "cupboard theory" asserts children bond with parents because they provide food, but Harry Harlow's research with monkeys refuted this, emphasizing the importance of contact comfort.
Contact comfort is essential for healthy development and social emotional wellbeing
Lack of contact comfort can lead to severe developmental problems, including attachment disorders and mental health issues.

Learning

Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior or thought patterns due to experience.
Experience is a key factor for acquiring new knowledge or skills.
Associative learning links two events together, such as two stimuli or a response and its consequence
Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus that elicits a reflex response.
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is famous for his work in classical conditioning and his research on salivary reflexes.

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Description

Explore the intriguing concepts of perception and developmental psychology. This quiz covers how we interpret stimuli and the stages of human development from zygote to adulthood. Test your knowledge on Gestalt principles and research methodologies in psychology.