Penicilloic Acid and Antibiotic Deactivation Quiz

Penicilloic acid has a negligible tendency to reclose to the corresponding penicillin, so this reaction is essentially irreversible under physiologic conditions. Because the β-lactam ring is an essential portion of the pharmacophore, its hydrolysis deactivates the ______.

A fairly significant degree of hydrolysis also takes place in the ______.

The bacterial enzyme, βlactamase, catalyzes this reaction also and is a principal cause of bacterial resistance in the ______.

Alcohols and amines bring about the same cleavage reaction, but the products are the corresponding esters and ______.

A reaction with a specific primary amino group of aminoglycoside antibiotics is of clinical relevance as it inactivates penicillins and ______.

Small molecules that are not inherently antigenic but react with proteins to produce antigens in this manner are called ______.

These changes have been incorporated into a number of marketed and experimental ______ (e.g., cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefixime)

The cephalosporins are believed to act in a manner analogous to that of the ______ by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins followed by cell lysis

Cephalosporins are bactericidal in clinical ______

Susceptible cephalosporins can be hydrolyzed by ______ before they reach the penicillin-binding proteins

Allergenicity is less commonly experienced and is less severe with ______ than with penicillins

Most cephalosporins have generic names beginning with ______- or ______-

The facility with which the β-lactam bond of the cephalosporins is broken is modulated by the nature of the C-7 substituent (analogous to the ______)

The isomerization of the olefinic linkage to C-3,4 leads to great losses in antibiotic ______

Most cephalosporins are comparatively unstable in ______ solutions

Cephalosporins with an acetyl group in the side chain are subject to enzymatic hydrolysis in the ______

A hydroxy moiety is a poor leaving group, so this change is considerably deactivating with respect to breakage of the β-lactam ______

The penicillin binding proteins have an absolute requirement for a free carboxyl group to mimic that of the terminal carboxyl of the ______ moiety

Cefpodoxime Proxetil is mainly used for respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and pharyngitis, as well as urinary tract infections by susceptible microorganisms. It is a ______.

Cefpodoxime Proxetil is cleaved enzymically to isopropanol, CO2, acetaldehyde, and cefpodoxime in the ______.

Cefpodoxime Proxetil has better anti–Staphylococcus aureus activity than cefixime and is used to treat pharyngitis, urinary tract infections, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, otitis media, skin and soft tissue infections, and ______.

Cefdinir has an enhanced anti–gram-positive activity. It has reasonable resistance to ______.

Cefditoren Pivoxil is an orally active ______.

Cefditoren Pivoxil is indicated for mild to moderate infections in adults and adolescents with chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin infections associated with ______ bacteria.

Its molecular mode of action is closely similar to that of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and ______, the action being characterized by strong affinity for PBP-3, producing filamentous cells as a consequence.

The monobactams demonstrate that a fused ring is not essential for antibiotic activity.The α-oriented methyl group at C-2 is associated with the stability of ______ toward β-lactamases.

The protein binding is moderate (∼50%), and the drug is nearly unchanged by metabolism. Aztreonam is primarily excreted in the ______.

Aztreonam is used against severe infections caused by gramnegative microorganisms (mainly urinary tract, upper respiratory tract, bone, cartilage, abdominal, obstetric, and gynecologic infections and ______).

The α-oriented methyl group at C-2 is associated with the stability of aztreonam toward ______.