Pelvis and Male Reproductive System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary gonads and the gametes they produce for the male and female reproductive systems respectively?

Testes, spermatozoa (correct)

Ovaries, spermatozoa

Ovaries, ova

Testes, oocytes

Which of the following accurately describes the pelvic inlet compared to the pelvic outlet?

The inlet is located below the pelvic outlet.

The inlet is larger than the outlet. (correct)

The inlet is equal in size to the outlet.

The inlet is smaller than the outlet.

Which structure is NOT part of the pelvic floor muscles that close off the pelvic outlet?

Floor of the pelvis

Coccyx

Ischium (correct)

Sacrum

In which pelvic subdivision would you find parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

False/greater pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What shape best describes the pelvic outlet?

Diamond Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of autonomic stimulation during sexual arousal?

Engorgement of the clitoris and labia Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs after sperm fuses with the secondary oocyte?

Fertilized oocyte becomes a zygote Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of natural methods of contraception?

They rely on behavioral timing during coitus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes barrier methods of contraception?

They can be used with spermicidal foams for increased effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterus during sexual arousal?

It elevates upwards Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age for the onset of menarche?

12-13 years Signup and view all the answers

What causes the cessation of menstruation during menopause?

Absence of ovarian follicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary feedback during reproductive hormone regulation?

Stimulates gonadotropin release Signup and view all the answers

Which structures fill with blood during an erection in the penis?

Lacunae and trabeculae Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is shared between the clitoris and the penis?

Erectile tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis I in spermatogenesis?

Two secondary spermatocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone from Leydig cells?

LH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of inhibin in male reproductive hormones?

Suppresses FSH secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which phase do spermatids undergo to differentiate into spermatozoa?

Spermiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of GnRH in males?

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?

To provide a site for embryo and fetus development Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the female anatomy is referred to as the vulva?

The urogenital triangle Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells produce testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the penis during an erection?

Deep (cavernosal) artery Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pudendal nerve play in relation to the penis?

Supplies motor innervation to skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the penis?

Vasodilation and erection Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in the neural control of the sexual act?

Emotional arousal signals Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to ejaculation?

Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the order of the neural control stages for the sexual act?

Erection, Emission, Expulsion, Ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the deep arteries during the erection process?

Dilating to fill lacunae with blood Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the expulsion phase during ejaculation?

Contraction of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pelvis and Perineum

The pelvis is a bony structure that forms a basin between the trunk and the lower limbs
Composed of hip bones, sacrum and coccyx
The pelvic inlet is the open superior region bounded by the pelvic rim
The pelvic outlet is the closed inferior region, diamond shaped, and is closed off by the pelvic floor muscles
The pelvic inlet is always larger than the outlet
The pelvis can be subdivided into the false pelvis which refers to the superior region above the pelvic inlet and the true pelvis which refers to the space enclosed by the pelvis bones between the inlet and outlet.

Male Reproductive System

The testes are the male gonads responsible for the production of sperm
Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production within seminiferous tubules of the testes:
- Spermatogonia (diploid) divide by mitosis into two daughter cells
- One daughter cell stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule
- The second daughter cell differentiates into a primary spermatocyte (diploid) and undergoes meiosis I
- Meiosis I results in two secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
- Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids (haploid)
- Spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa (sperm) with a head, body and tail via spermiogenesis
- Spermatozoa are released into the lumen

Reproductive Hormones

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) are gonadotropins produced by the anterior pituitary.
Interstitial endocrine cells in the testes produce testosterone
Testosterone is an androgen that is responsible for male characteristics, including:
- Maturation of sex organs
- Spermatogenesis
- Secondary sex characteristics
- Libido
Inhibin is produced by nurse (Sertoli) cells in seminiferous tubules and inhibits FSH secretion.

Hormonal Feedback Loop

The hypothalamus produces GnRH, which stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
LH stimulates the production of testosterone from interstitial endocrine cells in the testes
FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis
FSH stimulates inhibin production from nurse cells in the seminiferous tubules
Increased inhibin levels suppress FSH secretion
Increased testosterone levels suppress LH and GnRH secretion

Female Reproductive System

The ovaries are the female gonads responsible for production of oocytes
The female reproductive system allows for:
- Production of oocytes (female gametes)
- Transport of ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate site for fertilization
- Provides a site for the developing embryo and fetus to grow
- Delivery of fetus

Female Perineum

The female perineum is the region inferior to the pelvic floor and between the upper region of the thighs
It encompasses the urogenital triangle which contains the external genitalia, collectively known as the vulva
The vulva includes structures such as the:
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
- Vestibule

Menarche and Menopause

Menarche is the first menstrual period, occurring around age 12-13 years old
Menopause is the cessation of menstruation, typically occurring in the early 50s
Menopause is characterized by a reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absence of or lack of response by follicles. As a result, FSH and LH levels become elevated.

Coitus

Coitus, or sexual intercourse, is the introduction of the erect penis into the vagina which leads to the release of semen into the upper part of the vagina (insemination)
Semen contains sperm, which travels to the uterine tube for fertilization.

Stages of the Male Sexual Act

The male sexual act involves several stages:
- Erection of the penis (parasympathetic)
- Mucus secretion into the urethra
- Ejaculation (sympathetic):
  - Emission - sperm and semen are transported into the urethra
  - Expulsion - the urethra contracts to allow semen to leave the body
- Resolution

Penis Anatomy

The penis is composed of:
- Two corpora cavernosa - erectile tissue that expands during erection
- Corpus spongiosum - erectile tissue surrounding the urethra
Erection occurs due to the dilation of the deep (cavernosal) arteries allowing blood to fill the lacunae within the corpora cavernosa.
The tunica albuginea is a fibrous sheath surrounding the corpora cavernosa and spongiosum
Buck's fascia is a deep fascia that surrounds all three erectile tissues
Superficial fascia lies superficial to Buck's fascia

Comparative Anatomy

The clitoris and the penis share developmental origins
Both structures have erectile tissues
The urethra runs the length of the penis, while the urethra is a separate structure in females.

Penis Vascular and Nerve Supply

The penis receives its blood supply from the internal pudendal artery which branches off the internal iliac artery
The gonadal arteries supply the testes in males and the ovaries in females.
Blood flow to the penis increases during erection, causing the deep arteries to dilate and fill the lacunae with blood
The penis is innervated by sensory and motor nerves.
The pudendal nerve supplies sensory and somatic motor innervation to the perineum and external genitalia, including the penis.
Autonomic innervation is provided by the pelvic plexus, which contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers:
- Parasympathetic fibers (from sacral nerves) stimulate erection by the release of nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator
- Sympathetic fibers (from thoracic nerves) stimulate ejaculation by causing contraction of smooth muscles in reproductive ducts and accessory glands
- Somatic motor fibers control the contraction of skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis, contributing to ejaculation

Clitoris Function

The clitoris is a female sexual organ with erectile tissues
Engorgement of the clitoris during sexual stimulation contributes to sexual arousal.

Neural Control of Sexual Act

The neural control of the sexual act involves a complex interplay of parasympathetic, sympathetic and somatic motor nerves:
- Erection (parasympathetic)
- Ejaculation (sympathetic and somatic motor)
- Engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation (parasympathetic)
- Lubricating fluid secreted through vaginal wall; secretion of mucus into vestibule (greater vestibular glands) (parasympathetic)
- Increased width and length of vagina (parasympathetic)
- Uterus elevates upwards (parasympathetic and sympathetic)
- Rhythmic contraction of vaginal, uterine and perineal (pelvic floor) muscles (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

Fertilisation

Semen is released into the upper part of the vagina (insemination)
Sperm travels to the uterine tube for fertilization.
The sperm fuses with the secondary oocyte, which completes meiosis II
The fertilized oocyte/ovum is now called a zygote
The zygote undergoes cleavage (cell division) and travels toward the uterus for implantation.

Contraception

Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy
Contraception methods can be divided into natural and artificial categories.
Natural methods rely on timing of coitus or behavior during coitus:
- Rhythm method (periodic abstinence)
- Withdrawal method (coitus interruptus)
- Lactational infertility
Artificial methods include barrier methods:
- Caps, diaphragms
- Spermicidal foams, jellies, creams, sponges

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the pelvis and its subdivisions as well as the male reproductive system, including the process of spermatogenesis. This quiz covers key structures such as the pelvic inlet and outlet, testes, and more. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.