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Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures forms the anterior wall of the pelvic cavity?
Which of the following structures forms the anterior wall of the pelvic cavity?
Through which foramen do the piriformis muscle and other structures leave the pelvis?
Through which foramen do the piriformis muscle and other structures leave the pelvis?
What is the name of the muscular structure that forms the inferior wall of the pelvic cavity?
What is the name of the muscular structure that forms the inferior wall of the pelvic cavity?
Which of the following structures does not form the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
Which of the following structures does not form the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
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What is the name of the line that divides the pelvis into two parts?
What is the name of the line that divides the pelvis into two parts?
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What is the name of the space between the inlet and outlet of the pelvis?
What is the name of the space between the inlet and outlet of the pelvis?
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What forms the lower part of the abdominal cavity?
What forms the lower part of the abdominal cavity?
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Which of the following structures leaves the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Which of the following structures leaves the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen?
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What is the anterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the anterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the posterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the posterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the anterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the anterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the posterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the posterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the name of the region that encloses the pelvic cavity and perineum?
What is the name of the region that encloses the pelvic cavity and perineum?
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Which of the following arteries is a visceral branch of the abdominal aorta?
Which of the following arteries is a visceral branch of the abdominal aorta?
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Which ligament is equivalent to the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Which ligament is equivalent to the anterior longitudinal ligament?
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Which of the following arteries supplies the prostate?
Which of the following arteries supplies the prostate?
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Which of the following foramina communicates the pelvic cavity with the gluteal region?
Which of the following foramina communicates the pelvic cavity with the gluteal region?
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Which ligament is equivalent to the ligamentum flavum?
Which ligament is equivalent to the ligamentum flavum?
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Which of the following arteries enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen?
Which of the following arteries enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen?
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Which of the following arteries is replaced by the vaginal artery in females?
Which of the following arteries is replaced by the vaginal artery in females?
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Which of the following ligaments is equivalent to the intertransverse ligament?
Which of the following ligaments is equivalent to the intertransverse ligament?
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What is the main characteristic of the pelvic cavity in females?
What is the main characteristic of the pelvic cavity in females?
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What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?
What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?
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What nerve supplies the pelvic diaphragm?
What nerve supplies the pelvic diaphragm?
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What is the function of the sacrotuberous ligament?
What is the function of the sacrotuberous ligament?
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What ligament provides immediate posterior strength to the sacroiliac joint?
What ligament provides immediate posterior strength to the sacroiliac joint?
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What is the primary function of the pelvic diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the pelvic diaphragm?
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What is the characteristic of the pelvic bone in females?
What is the characteristic of the pelvic bone in females?
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What is the nerve supply of the sacroiliac joint?
What is the nerve supply of the sacroiliac joint?
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Which of the following arteries enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle?
Which of the following arteries enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle?
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Which of the following vessels communicates with the internal vertebral venous plexus?
Which of the following vessels communicates with the internal vertebral venous plexus?
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Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the medial leg and foot?
Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the medial leg and foot?
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Which of the following plexuses is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis?
Which of the following plexuses is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis?
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Which of the following arteries is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery?
Which of the following arteries is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery?
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Which of the following nerves forms the sacral plexus?
Which of the following nerves forms the sacral plexus?
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Which of the following arteries supplies the psoas major and quadratus lumborum?
Which of the following arteries supplies the psoas major and quadratus lumborum?
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What forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity?
What forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity?
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What structures make up the pelvic diaphragm?
What structures make up the pelvic diaphragm?
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Which of the following muscles leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramina?
Which of the following muscles leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramina?
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What forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
What forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
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Which of the following structures forms the inferior wall of the pelvic cavity?
Which of the following structures forms the inferior wall of the pelvic cavity?
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What is the name of the line that splits the pelvis into two parts?
What is the name of the line that splits the pelvis into two parts?
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What is the region superior to the pelvic brim?
What is the region superior to the pelvic brim?
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The pelvic inlet is bound superiorly by which structure?
The pelvic inlet is bound superiorly by which structure?
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What is the function of the lesser pelvis?
What is the function of the lesser pelvis?
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What is the posterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the posterior angle of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the anterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
What is the anterolateral border of the pelvic outlet bounded by?
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What is the contents of the lesser pelvis?
What is the contents of the lesser pelvis?
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What is the characteristic of the sciatic notch in females?
What is the characteristic of the sciatic notch in females?
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What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
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Which ligament provides immediate posterior strength to the sacroiliac joint?
Which ligament provides immediate posterior strength to the sacroiliac joint?
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What is the nerve supply of the sacroiliac joint?
What is the nerve supply of the sacroiliac joint?
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What is the primary action of the puborectalis muscle?
What is the primary action of the puborectalis muscle?
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Which muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?
Which muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?
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What is the characteristic of the pelvic bone in females?
What is the characteristic of the pelvic bone in females?
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What divides the lesser pelvis into two parts?
What divides the lesser pelvis into two parts?
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Which artery is a parietal branch of the abdominal aorta?
Which artery is a parietal branch of the abdominal aorta?
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What is the equivalent of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the sacrococcygeal joint?
What is the equivalent of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the sacrococcygeal joint?
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Which artery leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region?
Which artery leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region?
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What is the function of the umbilical artery in the fetus?
What is the function of the umbilical artery in the fetus?
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Which artery is a terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Which artery is a terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?
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Which ligament is equivalent to the ligamentum flavum in the sacrococcygeal joint?
Which ligament is equivalent to the ligamentum flavum in the sacrococcygeal joint?
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What is the function of the middle rectal artery?
What is the function of the middle rectal artery?
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Which artery is present in males but replaced by the vaginal artery in females?
Which artery is present in males but replaced by the vaginal artery in females?
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Which of the following arteries supplies the uterus and uterine tube?
Which of the following arteries supplies the uterus and uterine tube?
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What is the function of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?
What is the function of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?
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Which of the following nerves forms the sacral plexus?
Which of the following nerves forms the sacral plexus?
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What is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis?
What is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis?
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Which of the following arteries is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery?
Which of the following arteries is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery?
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Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the medial leg and foot?
Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the medial leg and foot?
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What is the function of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
What is the function of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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Study Notes
Pelvic Region Anatomy
-
The pelvis is divided into two parts by the pelvic brim (also known as linea terminalis), which consists of:
- Sacral promontory
- Arcuate line
- Pectineal line
- Pubic crest
- Superior border of pubic symphysis
-
The greater pelvis (or false pelvis) is the superior part of the pelvis, located above the pelvic brim, and forms the lower part of the abdominal cavity.
-
The lesser pelvis (or true pelvis) is the inferior part of the pelvis, located below the pelvic brim, and encloses the pelvic cavity and perineum.
-
The pelvic cavity is the space between the pelvic inlet and outlet, bounded by:
- Anterior wall: pubic symphysis and bodies of pubic bones
- Posterior wall: sacrum, coccyx, and piriformis muscle
- Lateral walls: hip bone inferior to the pelvic brim, obturator membrane, and internus muscle
-
The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular structure that divides the lesser pelvis into two parts:
- Pelvic cavity (superior to the pelvic diaphragm)
- Perineum (inferior to the pelvic diaphragm)
-
The pelvic diaphragm is formed by:
- Levator ani muscle (with three parts: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus)
- Coccygeus muscle (also known as ischiococcygeus muscle)
-
Gender differences:
- Female pelvic bones are thinner, lighter, and have less prominent muscular markings
- The female pelvic cavity is more cylindrical, with a greater distance between the ischial spines and tuberosities
- The female greater sciatic notch is wider, and the subpubic angle is wider
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint
- The SI joint is a synovial joint that connects the sacrum and ilium bones.
- Nerve supply: ventral rami S2-S4, superior gluteal nerve, and dorsal rami S1-S2
-
Ligaments:
- Ventral SI ligament (small anterior strength to the SI joint)
- Interosseous SI ligament (major strength and stability to the SI joint)
- Dorsal sacroiliac ligament (posterior to the interosseous SI ligament)
- Sacrotuberous ligament (connects the PSIS, sacrum, and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity)
- Sacrospinous ligament (connects the lower sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine)
Sacrococcygeal (SC) Joint
- The SC joint is a cartilaginous joint connected by a small fibrocartilaginous disc.
-
Reinforced by:
- Anterior SC ligament (equivalent to the ALL)
- Deep posterior SC ligament (equivalent to the PLL)
- Superficial posterior SC ligament (equivalent to the ligamentum flavum)
- Lateral SC ligament (equivalent to the intertransverse ligament)
Pelvic Cavity Arteries
- Ovarian artery (visceral branch of the abdominal aorta)
- Medial sacral artery (parietal branch of the abdominal aorta)
- Superior rectal artery (terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery)
-
Internal iliac artery:
-
Anterior trunk:
- Umbilical artery (with a proximal part that gives off superior vesical arteries)
- Obturator artery (leaves through the obturator canal)
- Inferior vesical artery (present in males, replaced by the vaginal artery in females)
- Middle rectal artery (supplies the lower rectum)
- Internal pudendal artery (enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
- Inferior gluteal artery (enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
- Uterine artery (supplies the uterus, uterine tube, upper vagina, and ovaries)
- Vaginal artery (supplies the vagina and adjacent bladder and rectum)
-
Posterior trunk:
- Iliolumbar artery (iliac branch supplies the iliacus muscle and ilium, and lumbar branch supplies the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and cauda equina)
- Lateral sacral arteries (superior and inferior branches supply the sacrum and sacral canal)
- Superior gluteal artery (the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
-
Anterior trunk:
Sacral Plexus
- The sacral plexus is formed by:
- Part of the ventral rami of L4
- Ventral rami of L5-S4
-
Supplies:
- Muscles and skin of the gluteal region, posterior thigh, entire leg and foot, and perineum
- Skin of the medial leg and foot is supplied by the saphenous nerve of the femoral nerve
Autonomic Plexus of the Pelvis
- The inferior hypogastric plexus is the main autonomic plexus, providing motor and sensory innervation to pelvic organs.
-
Formed by:
- Hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
- Small contribution from sacral splanchnic nerves
Pelvic Region Anatomy
-
The pelvis is divided into two parts by the pelvic brim (also known as linea terminalis), which consists of:
- Sacral promontory
- Arcuate line
- Pectineal line
- Pubic crest
- Superior border of pubic symphysis
-
The greater pelvis (or false pelvis) is the superior part of the pelvis, located above the pelvic brim, and forms the lower part of the abdominal cavity.
-
The lesser pelvis (or true pelvis) is the inferior part of the pelvis, located below the pelvic brim, and encloses the pelvic cavity and perineum.
-
The pelvic cavity is the space between the pelvic inlet and outlet, bounded by:
- Anterior wall: pubic symphysis and bodies of pubic bones
- Posterior wall: sacrum, coccyx, and piriformis muscle
- Lateral walls: hip bone inferior to the pelvic brim, obturator membrane, and internus muscle
-
The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular structure that divides the lesser pelvis into two parts:
- Pelvic cavity (superior to the pelvic diaphragm)
- Perineum (inferior to the pelvic diaphragm)
-
The pelvic diaphragm is formed by:
- Levator ani muscle (with three parts: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus)
- Coccygeus muscle (also known as ischiococcygeus muscle)
-
Gender differences:
- Female pelvic bones are thinner, lighter, and have less prominent muscular markings
- The female pelvic cavity is more cylindrical, with a greater distance between the ischial spines and tuberosities
- The female greater sciatic notch is wider, and the subpubic angle is wider
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint
- The SI joint is a synovial joint that connects the sacrum and ilium bones.
- Nerve supply: ventral rami S2-S4, superior gluteal nerve, and dorsal rami S1-S2
-
Ligaments:
- Ventral SI ligament (small anterior strength to the SI joint)
- Interosseous SI ligament (major strength and stability to the SI joint)
- Dorsal sacroiliac ligament (posterior to the interosseous SI ligament)
- Sacrotuberous ligament (connects the PSIS, sacrum, and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity)
- Sacrospinous ligament (connects the lower sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine)
Sacrococcygeal (SC) Joint
- The SC joint is a cartilaginous joint connected by a small fibrocartilaginous disc.
-
Reinforced by:
- Anterior SC ligament (equivalent to the ALL)
- Deep posterior SC ligament (equivalent to the PLL)
- Superficial posterior SC ligament (equivalent to the ligamentum flavum)
- Lateral SC ligament (equivalent to the intertransverse ligament)
Pelvic Cavity Arteries
- Ovarian artery (visceral branch of the abdominal aorta)
- Medial sacral artery (parietal branch of the abdominal aorta)
- Superior rectal artery (terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery)
-
Internal iliac artery:
-
Anterior trunk:
- Umbilical artery (with a proximal part that gives off superior vesical arteries)
- Obturator artery (leaves through the obturator canal)
- Inferior vesical artery (present in males, replaced by the vaginal artery in females)
- Middle rectal artery (supplies the lower rectum)
- Internal pudendal artery (enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
- Inferior gluteal artery (enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
- Uterine artery (supplies the uterus, uterine tube, upper vagina, and ovaries)
- Vaginal artery (supplies the vagina and adjacent bladder and rectum)
-
Posterior trunk:
- Iliolumbar artery (iliac branch supplies the iliacus muscle and ilium, and lumbar branch supplies the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and cauda equina)
- Lateral sacral arteries (superior and inferior branches supply the sacrum and sacral canal)
- Superior gluteal artery (the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen)
-
Anterior trunk:
Sacral Plexus
- The sacral plexus is formed by:
- Part of the ventral rami of L4
- Ventral rami of L5-S4
-
Supplies:
- Muscles and skin of the gluteal region, posterior thigh, entire leg and foot, and perineum
- Skin of the medial leg and foot is supplied by the saphenous nerve of the femoral nerve
Autonomic Plexus of the Pelvis
- The inferior hypogastric plexus is the main autonomic plexus, providing motor and sensory innervation to pelvic organs.
-
Formed by:
- Hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
- Small contribution from sacral splanchnic nerves
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Description
Learn about the anatomy of the pelvic region, including the pelvis, its components, and boundaries. This quiz covers the pelvic brim, linea terminalis, and more.
