Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of a Port-Wine Nevus?
What is a characteristic of a Port-Wine Nevus?
Which of the following skin manifestations is associated with photosensitivity?
Which of the following skin manifestations is associated with photosensitivity?
What is true about the Strawberry Nevus?
What is true about the Strawberry Nevus?
Hypopigmented macules are associated with which condition?
Hypopigmented macules are associated with which condition?
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Which treatment is suggested for vascular birthmarks?
Which treatment is suggested for vascular birthmarks?
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What is the primary function of the skin in pediatric patients?
What is the primary function of the skin in pediatric patients?
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Which skin structure is NOT directly involved in temperature regulation?
Which skin structure is NOT directly involved in temperature regulation?
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What characteristic is assessed when inspecting hair in pediatric patients?
What characteristic is assessed when inspecting hair in pediatric patients?
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Which layer of the skin is responsible for providing the required moisture balance?
Which layer of the skin is responsible for providing the required moisture balance?
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What might be a visible difference between a child's skin and an adult's skin?
What might be a visible difference between a child's skin and an adult's skin?
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Which interventions are effective in treating diaper dermatitis?
Which interventions are effective in treating diaper dermatitis?
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What principles should guide the care for infantile eczema?
What principles should guide the care for infantile eczema?
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What is the primary treatment for a staphylococcal infection in newborns?
What is the primary treatment for a staphylococcal infection in newborns?
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What could be a sign of a needing report for a newborn's skin condition?
What could be a sign of a needing report for a newborn's skin condition?
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Which statement regarding the treatment of diaper dermatitis is incorrect?
Which statement regarding the treatment of diaper dermatitis is incorrect?
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What is a common characteristic of miliaria?
What is a common characteristic of miliaria?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention method for intertrigo?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention method for intertrigo?
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What common condition is also known as 'cradle cap'?
What common condition is also known as 'cradle cap'?
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What is the primary cause of diaper dermatitis?
What is the primary cause of diaper dermatitis?
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Which treatment is indicated for herpes simplex type 1?
Which treatment is indicated for herpes simplex type 1?
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What are common lesions observed in acne vulgaris?
What are common lesions observed in acne vulgaris?
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What characterizes infantile eczema?
What characterizes infantile eczema?
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Which nursing implication is most important for managing skin infections?
Which nursing implication is most important for managing skin infections?
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What is a common manifestation of impetigo?
What is a common manifestation of impetigo?
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What is the suggested treatment for tinea pedis?
What is the suggested treatment for tinea pedis?
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Which type of lice is often associated with matted hair in children?
Which type of lice is often associated with matted hair in children?
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What characteristic features tinea corporis?
What characteristic features tinea corporis?
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Which of the following is a treatment for tinea cruris?
Which of the following is a treatment for tinea cruris?
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Which of the following fungal infections typically presents with patches of alopecia on the scalp?
Which of the following fungal infections typically presents with patches of alopecia on the scalp?
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What is a key preventive measure against secondary infections in patients with aureus lesions?
What is a key preventive measure against secondary infections in patients with aureus lesions?
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What is the primary method of transmission for fungal infections like tinea?
What is the primary method of transmission for fungal infections like tinea?
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Which of the following hairstyles is most likely to contribute to traction alopecia?
Which of the following hairstyles is most likely to contribute to traction alopecia?
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What is an essential step in the treatment of scabies for the entire household?
What is an essential step in the treatment of scabies for the entire household?
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Which type of burn poses an increased risk for airway complications?
Which type of burn poses an increased risk for airway complications?
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What is a significant difference in the response to burns for children compared to adults?
What is a significant difference in the response to burns for children compared to adults?
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What is the recommended initial response in emergency care for burns?
What is the recommended initial response in emergency care for burns?
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Which of the following is an important consideration for the care of major burns?
Which of the following is an important consideration for the care of major burns?
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In the treatment of minor burns at home, which action is recommended?
In the treatment of minor burns at home, which action is recommended?
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What type of shock can occur due to severe burns?
What type of shock can occur due to severe burns?
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Study Notes
Terminal Learning Objective
- Determine nursing care required for a pediatric patient.
Enabling Learning Objectives
- Describe care of the pediatric patient with a skin disorder.
Skin Development and Functions
- Skin is a first line of defense.
- Regulates temperature.
- Receives stimuli.
- Structures include hair, skin, fingernails, and toenails.
- Composed of two layers: epidermis and dermis.
- Infant skin is thin, blisters easily, and has greater absorption, leading to more frequent infections.
- Sebaceous glands do not start producing sebum until 8-10 years of age, resulting in drier and more easily chapped skin.
- Skin infections in children can produce systemic symptoms.
- Newborns have less subcutaneous fat.
- Skin is alkaline at birth, increasing susceptibility to infection.
- Perspiration ability matures by 3 years of age.
- Axillary perspiration starts around puberty.
- Thermoregulation can be problematic for children.
Skin Disorders and Variations
- Skin characteristics to assess include texture, color, pH, and moisture.
Inspection
- Inspect hair for color, texture, quality, distribution, and elasticity.
Check on learning
- Name the differences between the skin of a child and that of an adult.
Congenital Lesions
- Strawberry Nevus: harmless, flat or raised, dark red, sharply demarcated lesions. May disappear without treatment.
- Port-Wine Nevus: flat, sharply demarcated, purple to pink lesions. Darken as the child gets older.
Skin Manifestations of Illness
- Café au lait spots: associated with neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis.
- Hypopigmented macules: associated with tuberous sclerosis.
- Butterfly rash: associated with photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Scaling skin eruption: associated with zinc deficiency in infants (often with diarrhea and failure to thrive).
Vascular Birthmarks
- May resemble a bruise.
- Appearance may change.
- Those around the chin may be associated with airway problems.
- Those around the lumbar region may be associated with spinal problems.
- Treatment includes topical timolol maleate as an alternative to oral propranolol.
- Check on learning: name the two congenital lesions seen in pediatric patients.
- Check on learning: describe the lesion associated with strawberry nevus.
Skin Infections
- Miliaria: blocked or inflamed sweat glands; tiny pinhead-sized, reddish papules with occasional clear vesicles.
- Intertrigo: skin chafing in folds; prevention includes keeping the area clean, dry, and exposed to air and light.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin involving sebaceous glands.
- Characterized by thick, yellow, oily crusty scales.
- Skin beneath the scales may be red.
- Could lead to a secondary bacterial infection.
Diaper Dermatitis
- Diaper rash due to increased skin pH.
- Secondary candidiasis or yeast infection is a common cause.
- Prevention with frequent diaper changes, cleanings using warm water and non-alcohol wipes, and use of OTC ointments.
Acne Vulgaris
- Inflammatory skin condition of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles.
- Characterized by comedones, papules, and nodulocystic growths.
- Treatment includes hygiene measures and medications.
Herpes Simplex Type 1
- Viral infection causing vesicles and crusts.
- Spread through direct contact.
- More severe in newborns and immunocompromised patients.
- Treatment: topical acyclovir
Infantile Eczema
- Atopic dermatitis.
- Characterized by local vasodilation, lichenification, and associated with eczema, asthma, and hay fever.
- Increased eosinophils and IgE levels.
- Allergies may be a factor.
- Treatment: hydration, lubrication, preventing itching.
Nursing Implications
- Assess coping skills.
- Control itching.
- Apply ointments as needed.
- Keep fingernails short.
- Avoid wools and stuffed animals.
- Use mild soaps with no fragrances.
- Teach hygiene.
Check on Learning
- Explain methods for softening and removing scales in seborrheic dermatitis.
- Identify interventions for diaper dermatitis (use non-alcohol wipes, expose to air and light).
- Discuss principles of care in treating infantile eczema (hydrate skin, prevent infection, relieve itching).
Staphylococcal Infection
- Common skin bacteria.
- Primary infection in newborns (umbilicus, circumcision).
- Small pustules on newborn skin need immediate reporting.
- Treatment: antibiotics.
Scalded Skin Syndrome
- Caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Lesions start as mild erythema, then sandpaper texture, vesicles rupturing and peeling, exposing bright red skin.
- Abuse is sometimes suspected.
- Treatment includes IV antibiotics and isolation.
Impetigo
- Contagious bacterial infection.
- Caused by staphylococci or group A streptococci.
- Bullous lesions appear as red papules that develop into crusts.
- Treatment: antibiotics, hygiene, ointments.
Fungal Infections
- Tinea infections, which commonly occur in the stratum corneum, hair, and nails.
- Tinea capitis: ringworm of the scalp, causing patches of alopecia.
- Tinea corporis: ringworm of the skin, manifesting as oval, scaly and inflamed rings with a clear center.
- Tinea pedis: athletes foot, infection between toes, on the instep, and soles.
- Tinea cruris: jock itch, affecting the groin and thighs.
Pediculosis
- Lice infections (head, body, pubic).
- Pediculosis capitis (lice on the head): easily transmitted, more frequent in girls, manifest as itching matted hair..
- Treatment: special shampoos, washing, and nits removal.
Traction Alopecia
- Hair loss due to tight hairstyles (braids, ponytails), gels, and pomades.
Scabies
- Sarcoptes scabies (itch mite) infection.
- Treatment includes treatment of all family members, washing linen.
Burns
- Classification by depth (first-degree, second-degree, third-degree) and description.
- First-degree burns only involve the epidermis; painful with erythema (redness).
- Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis.
- Third-degree burns involve the epidermis, dermis, and often underlying tissues as well; leathery, painless, and require grafting.
- Child response to burns differs from adults.
- Importance of prompt assessment for airway concerns in burns involving the face.
- Treatment for burns includes: halting the injury, removing the source, covering the burn, and transport.
- Treatment for burns includes pain relief, ROM (range of motion) exercises, ABCs, shock treatment, eschar removal, IV infusions, laboratory monitoring, and dressing changes.
- Post-burn care, including skin grafting and wound care, is necessary.
- Special attention to fluid, electrolyte, and heat loss is crucial.
Check on Learning
- What are the differences in response to burns in children versus adults?
Summary
- Development and function of the skin.
- Types of skin lesions.
- Skin infections.
- Burns.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the nursing care required for pediatric patients, particularly those with skin disorders. It covers the development and functions of skin in children and highlights the specific nursing considerations for pediatric skin care. Test your knowledge on the unique characteristics and vulnerabilities of infant and child skin.
