Pediatric Fluid and Electrolyte Management

<p>Increased respiratory rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular and extracellular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium supplements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchanges sodium for potassium in the intestines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (approx. 142 mEq/mL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotonic dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>2 - 3 mL/kg/hr (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrict fluids and administer sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation for 48 - 72 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe ear pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child is experiencing tachypnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drooling and difficulty swallowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent loose stools with undigested food particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe dehydration from prolonged vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower respiratory tract disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide oral rehydration therapy at a rate of 100 mL per kg over 4 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stridor, a high-pitched sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 - 6 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strain A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal pharyngeal secretion culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma episodes primarily stem from airway inflammation and smooth muscle spasms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gauge how quickly air can be expelled from the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of antibiotics specific for the organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serevent Diskus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild persistent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectal biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribbon-like stool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocolitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorectal manometry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barium enema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 mL per kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactobacillus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substernal retractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing protein intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulging tympanic membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased deep tendon reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid loss through evaporation from the skin and exhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased potassium loss through urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure patient is voiding adequately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants lose a greater proportion of fluid each day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kayexalate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher respiratory rates causing more evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular and extracellular fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2/3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visible bubbles behind the tympanic membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation for 48-72 hours before taking action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myringotomy procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty swallowing, drooling, and tripod position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barking cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BSA is high, resulting in increased insensible water loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 mL for the first 10 kg, 50 mL for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL for every kilogram thereafter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher body surface area leading to increased metabolic demands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater susceptibility to dehydration and fluid imbalance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 130 mEq/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hirschsprung's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to thrive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectal biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pull-through surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocolitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of initial RSV infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cough and wheezing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By contact and droplet spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperinflation and peribronchial infiltrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discontinue asthma medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased anterior-posterior diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a black box warning due to severe asthma episodes risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 - 80% of personal best on peak flow meter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent the release of histamines and slow-reacting substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>67% through the skin and 33% through the respiratory tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolic rate during fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess an immature renal system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Roughly 33% of total fluid loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water loss not detectable by the person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum Na+ &gt; 150 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are immature and cannot conserve water and electrolytes efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion and headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg for the remainder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drinking apple juice containing artificial sweeteners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine output helps determine if the child needs intravenous fluids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using an otoscope to examine ear structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 mL per kg over 4 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 5.8 mmol/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal cramping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive potassium infusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor vital signs, including blood pressure and heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kayexalate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of tympanic membrane mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child with unilateral AOM and mild symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fullness or popping sensation in the ear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospitalization with oxygen therapy and nebulized medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes inflammation and edema in the bronchioles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal pharyngeal secretion culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7-10 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce inflammation and prevent asthma exacerbations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80 - 90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow adrenal glands time to normalize cortisol production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LABAs have a prolonged duration of action for symptom control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theophylline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocolitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectal biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to pass meconium within 24 to 48 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pull-through surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2/3 through skin and 1/3 through the respiratory tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher metabolic rates and increased respiratory rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachypnea due to respiratory infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adults have a lower respiratory rate and metabolic demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases insensible water loss. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their glomeruli and tubules are immature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular fluid (ECF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell shrinkage and altered LOC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 5.8 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle weakness and constipation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% of body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diuretic use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive fluid intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulging of the tympanic membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Child is 4 months old with unilateral AOM and a fever of 102.5°F (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospitalization and IV corticosteroids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe sore throat and drooling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myringotomy if fluid persists over three months and leads to hearing loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 mL per kg in small frequent amounts over a few hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous, coarse, whistling sound due to airflow obstruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incidence is highest between 6 months to 2 years and decreases as children grow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor for sufficient urine output before adding potassium to IV fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 - 3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the presence of lung disease and determine response to treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No immunity occurs, but incidence and severity decrease with age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild persistent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irritability and poor feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a bronchodilator used as a third-line agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent vaccination against pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7 - 10 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the efficacy and control of asthma by recording peak expiratory flow rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain and immunosuppression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intestinal distention and ischemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal distention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectal biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pull-through surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To clear the bowels when enterocolitis is a concern (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of nerve fibers in the aganglionic portion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential sign of mechanical obstruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocolitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability of the internal anal sphincter to relax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foul-smelling stool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove the aganglionic segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterocolitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palpable fecal masses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hirschsprung's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove fecal matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer colonic irrigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent surgery for Hirschsprung disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting or frequent regurgitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24-hour esophageal pH monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive dietary fiber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nissen Fundoplication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to burp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent weight loss or failure to thrive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proton pump inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythema nodosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of the inflammatory process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High calorie, high protein diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colon cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fiber meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires continuous drug therapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severity of gastrointestinal involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 to 20 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 2 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lower esophageal sphincter tone is decreased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More secretions in the small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are proportionately larger. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less well-developed abdominal musculature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 to 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaphoid appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass or organomegaly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heard every 10-20 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distract the child during the process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may contain a small hernia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a soft texture with a sharp edge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritonitis and intestinal obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial grimacing and high-pitched crying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Percuss as you would with an adult, noting tympanic sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water loss that is not noticed by a person, happening through skin evaporation and breathing.

Fluid loss in children comes from skin & respiratory (insensible), urine & feces.

Body fluid divided into intracellular and extracellular (intravascular and interstitial).

Infants/young children lose a larger percentage of their body fluid daily than adults.

Insensible water loss accounts for 2/3 from skin and 1/3 from the respiratory tract.

Infants have a higher body surface area (BSA), faster metabolic rate, and require more fluids to support metabolic processes, and excretion of metabolic wastes.

A type of dehydration where water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions, primarily from the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Isotonic dehydration is commonly caused by conditions like vomiting and diarrhea.

Replacing lost fluids using isotonic solutions like 0.9% normal saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's solution.

Kidneys in children under 2 years old are not fully developed and are less effective at regulating water and electrolytes.

A solution with a higher concentration of ions than a cell.

Low potassium levels in the blood (serum [K+] less than 3.5 mmol/L).

Increased potassium excretion (diuretics, etc.), decreased potassium intake (NPO), or loss of potassium (vomiting, diarrhea).

High potassium levels in the blood (serum [K+] greater than 5.8 mmol/L).

Sudden increase in frequency and stool consistency, typically lasting less than 14 days, often caused by infections.

Frequent loose stools lasting more than 14 days, with undigested food present; not caused by blood or infection, and children remain healthy/nourished

Treating mild to moderate dehydration from diarrhea using a specific solution (e.g., Pedialyte) in small, frequent sips.

Early signs include rapid breathing (tachypnea), grunting noises, flaring nostrils, chest retractions, and accessory muscle use; may display cyanosis (bluish color).

Middle ear infection, often caused by bacteria or viruses; symptoms include irritability, fever, ear pulling, poor feeding, and sometimes vomiting.

Often linked to food sensitivities (not allergies) or artificial sweeteners like fructose in apple juice, although blood and infection is usually absent.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the primary respiratory pathogen responsible for bronchiolitis in infants and young children, contributing to a significant number of hospitalizations.

RSV spreads through direct contact and droplets, making it highly contagious. It can survive on surfaces for up to 6 hours.

Strain A of RSV is considered more serious and causes the majority of severe bronchiolitis cases.

Most cases of bronchiolitis caused by RSV can be managed at home with supportive care like hydration and humidified cool air.

Synagis (palivizumab) is a monoclonal antibody used to prevent RSV in high-risk infants, decreasing hospitalizations by 55%.

An infection and inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by bacteria, leading to a buildup of fluid behind the eardrum. It's a common illness in children, characterized by sudden onset of ear pain, fever, and possible fluid drainage.

Antibiotics are usually recommended for children under 6 months with AOM, and for those between 2-6 months with bilateral AOM or unilateral AOM with severe symptoms and high fever. Children with conditions increasing their risk of AOM (e.g., weakened immune system) should also be treated.

Signs indicating fluid buildup (middle ear effusion) behind the eardrum include a bulging eardrum, decreased or absent eardrum movement, visible fluid levels behind the eardrum, and ear drainage.

A condition where fluid persists in the middle ear for weeks or months, often causing mild to moderate hearing loss. The ear may appear normal with just fluid bubbles present.

A collection of respiratory illnesses affecting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, noisy breathing, and breathing difficulties due to airway swelling.

A condition where there's a lack of nerve cells in the colon, causing problems with bowel movements and leading to a buildup of stool (megacolon).

A serious infection of the intestines, often caused by the buildup of stool in Hirschsprung's Disease, leading to inflammation and even perforation.

The enlarged portion of the colon due to the buildup of stool caused by the absence of nerve cells.

The only definitive way to diagnose Hirschsprung's Disease, looking for the absence of nerve fibers in the colon.

A surgical procedure to remove the affected part of the colon and connect the healthy part to the anus, resolving the megacolon.

An infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, characterized by inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli.

A chronic inflammatory disorder that causes narrowing of the bronchioles, leading to episodes of breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

Triggers are substances or factors that can worsen asthma symptoms, including outdoor allergens (pollen, mold), indoor allergens (dust mites, pet dander), irritants (smoke, fumes), exercise, cold air, and infections.

A condition where the chest becomes rounder and wider due to air trapping caused by chronic asthma, leading to an increased front-to-back chest diameter.

Asthma medications fall into several categories, including bronchodilators (short- and long-acting), corticosteroids (inhaled and oral), leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies.

Water loss that happens without a person noticing it. It occurs through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs.

2/3 of insensible water loss happens through the skin, and 1/3 through the respiratory tract.

The body's fluid is divided into 2 main compartments: intracellular fluid (inside cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells).

Children under 2 years old lose a greater percentage of their body fluid daily than older children and adults due to faster metabolism and a larger surface area.

Children lose fluids through insensible water loss (skin and respiration), urine, and feces.

Infants have a larger body surface area (BSA) compared to older children and adults, leading to increased insensible water loss through evaporation.

Infants have a faster metabolic rate, requiring more fluids to fuel their rapid growth and development.

Children under 2 years old have immature kidneys that are less efficient at conserving water and electrolytes, contributing to higher fluid requirements.

A type of dehydration where water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions, often due to vomiting or diarrhea.

Newborns have a higher percentage of total body water compared to infants and older children, with 45% being extracellular fluid (ECF) and 30% intracellular fluid (ICF).

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are too low, below 3.5 mmol/L. This can happen due to excessive potassium excretion, inadequate potassium intake, or potassium loss from the body.

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are too high, above 5.8 mmol/L. This can happen due to excessive potassium intake, decreased potassium excretion, or cell damage.

Some common causes of hypokalemia include excessive use of diuretics, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, renal disease, and inadequate potassium intake.

Some common causes of hyperkalemia include excessive potassium intake, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, and cell damage.

Treatment for hyperkalemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause, administering medications like diuretics that remove potassium, and using therapies like Kayexalate, IV insulin, or dialysis.

Middle ear effusion (MEE) is the buildup of fluid in the middle ear. Signs include a bulging tympanic membrane, limited or absent mobility of the tympanic membrane, an air-fluid level behind the tympanic membrane, and otorrhea (ear drainage).

Antibiotics are recommended for children under 6 months with AOM, even with mild symptoms. Children between 2-6 months with bilateral AOM or unilateral AOM with severe symptoms and a high fever (102.2°F) should also receive antibiotics. Children with conditions predisposing them to AOM, like immunosuppression, also require antibiotics.

Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion (COM-E) is a condition where fluid persists in the middle ear for weeks or months. It can cause mild to moderate hearing loss.

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is the most common type of croup. It's an inflammation and obstruction of the larynx, trachea, and major bronchi in children, often starting with an upper respiratory infection (URI).

Frequent loose stools lasting more than 14 days in children 6-54 months old, containing undigested food, but without blood or infection. Children typically grow normally and are not malnourished.

Give 50 mL of ORT solution per kg of body weight in small, frequent amounts over a few hours (1 mL every five minutes).

Give 100 mL of ORT solution per kg of body weight over 4 hours.

Synagis is a medication given to high-risk infants to prevent RSV infection, helping to reduce hospitalization by 55%. It's usually given once a month during RSV season.

Bronchiolitis is an inflammation and swelling of the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs. It's often caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

Certain factors increase the risk of developing serious bronchiolitis. These include being male, premature, having lung disease, congenital heart disease, and being exposed to smoke.

Antibiotics specifically tailored to the identified organism are crucial for treating bacterial pneumonia. Older children with milder cases may be managed at home, while infants, those with staphylococcal pneumonia, or those with pleural effusions require hospitalization and isolation.

Triggers are factors that can worsen asthma symptoms. Common triggers include allergens like pollen and dust, irritants like smoke, exercise, cold air, infections like colds, and even strong emotions.

Asthma medications come in different categories, including bronchodilators to open the airways (like Albuterol), corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (like Fluticasone), and leukotriene modifiers to block substances that cause inflammation (like Montelukast).

Asthma prevention involves a combination of strategies: avoiding triggers, using peak flow meters to monitor lung function, recognizing symptoms early, practicing breathing exercises, maintaining overall health, and adhering to medication regimens.

A rectal biopsy is necessary to look for the absence of nerve fibers in the colon.

A procedure using saline solution injected through a tube into the rectum to clear the bowels, especially when there is a concern for enterocolitis.

Kids under 2 lose more water daily because their bodies work faster and they have more skin surface to lose water from.

Kids lose fluids through breathing, peeing, and pooping, just like adults, but they lose more through breathing

Kids under 2 have kidneys that are still developing, making it harder to keep water in their bodies.

Infants have a larger body surface area (BSA) compared to adults, leading to increased evaporation of water from the skin.

Infants have a faster metabolic rate due to rapid growth, needing more fluids to fuel their development.

Infants' kidneys are not fully developed, making it harder for them to conserve water, which leads to increased fluid needs.

Isotonic dehydration is the most common type, where both water and electrolytes are lost in equal amounts, often caused by vomiting or diarrhea.

Isotonic dehydration mainly affects the extracellular fluid (ECF), leading to a decrease in blood volume and potential for shock.

Fecal-oral route, contaminated food or water, organisms: viral, bacterial, or parasites.

History taking, laboratory data (stool specimens), USG (increased), CBC, serum electrolytes, increased creatinine, and increased BUN.

Assessment of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, maintenance of fluid therapy, reintroduction of adequate diet (avoid formula and solids for a period).

Strain A of RSV is considered more serious than strain B, causing most of the severe cases of bronchiolitis. It's important to recognize its potential impact.

Synagis (palivizumab) is a medicine given to high-risk infants to prevent serious RSV infections. It helps reduce the number of hospitalizations by protecting these babies from the worst effects of the virus.

A rounded, wider chest due to chronic asthma, where air gets trapped in the lungs and makes the chest expand.

The enlarged portion of the colon caused by the buildup of stool in Hirschsprung's Disease, due to the lack of nerve cells.

The only definitive way to diagnose Hirschsprung's Disease. It involves looking for the absence of nerve fibers in the colon.

Infants have a larger body surface area (BSA) compared to adults, leading to increased evaporation of water from the skin.

A solution that has a higher concentration of ions than the cells it surrounds. This causes water to move out of the cells and into the solution, leading to cell shrinkage.

A solution that has a lower concentration of ions than the cells it surrounds. This allows water to move into the cells from the solution, causing the cells to swell.

1. Increased potassium excretion: Diuretics, osmotic diuresis, renal disease, diarrhea, increased aldosterone, increased cortisol
2. Decreased potassium intake: NPO, anorexia, prolonged IV therapy without potassium
3. Loss of potassium: Vomiting, NG tube losses, metabolic alkalosis

Skeletal muscle weakness, leg cramps, decreased deep tendon reflexes, EKG changes, constipation, digoxin toxicity, irregular weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, anorexia.

Kayexalate exchanges sodium ions (Na+) for potassium ions (K+) in the intestine, resulting in the excretion of potassium in the stool.

Strain A of RSV is considered more serious than Strain B and responsible for most severe cases of bronchiolitis.

Synagis (palivizumab) is a medication given to high-risk infants to prevent severe RSV infections, helping to reduce hospitalizations.

Bronchiolitis is inflammation and swelling of the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, commonly caused by RSV.

Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis include being male, premature, having chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiency, and exposure to tobacco smoke.

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The type of pneumonia is important for determining the best treatment.

Fluid buildup within the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space). This can be caused by various factors including pneumonia.

Asthma medications are grouped into categories based on their mechanism of action: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies.

Triggers are factors that worsen asthma symptoms. Common triggers include allergens like pollen and dust, irritants like smoke, exercise, cold air, infections like colds, and even strong emotions.

A condition where the colon is missing nerve cells, causing a buildup of stool (megacolon), difficulty passing stool, and possible complications like enterocolitis.

A serious infection of the intestines, often caused by a buildup of stool in Hirschsprung's Disease, leading to inflammation and possible perforation.

Enterocolitis, a severe bowel infection that can be fatal if not treated promptly.

A procedure to cleanse the bowels using saline solution injected into the rectum through a tube. It's often used to prevent or treat enterocolitis.

A surgical procedure to remove the affected portion of the colon and connect the healthy part to the anus, resolving the megacolon.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is when stomach acid frequently flows back up into the esophagus, causing irritation and damage over time.

Prematurity, tracheal-esophageal atresia, neurological disorders, scoliosis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis can contribute to GERD in infants.

Children with GERD may present with Sandifer's Syndrome, characterized by head extension and arching of the spine, resembling a seizure but related to reflux.

Treatments include small, frequent feedings, thickened feedings with rice cereal, elevating the head of bed, and medications like H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and prokinetics.

A surgery to wrap the stomach around the esophagus, used for severe GERD failing medical therapy or with anatomical abnormalities.

Abdominal pain with cramps, diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth, fever, anorexia, rectal bleeding, perianal discomfort, and fistulas.

Erythema nodosum (skin lesions) and large joint arthritis can occur in individuals with IBD.

A condition where a part of the colon lacks nerve cells, causing stool buildup and constipation. This can lead to a swollen colon (megacolon).

Constipation is a major symptom of HD. It's caused by the lack of nerve cells in the colon, making it difficult to pass stool.

The stool in HD can be very thin and ribbon-like due to the narrow passage caused by the blockage.

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus. It causes inflammation, swelling, and ulcers in the digestive tract, leading to pain, diarrhea, and other symptoms.

The primary goal of Crohn's disease treatment is to control the inflammatory process, reducing or eliminating symptoms, and achieving long-term remission.

Medications used to treat Crohn's disease include corticosteroids to control inflammation, aminosalicylates for anti-inflammatory effects, immunodulators for immune system modulation, antibiotics for complications, and anti-TNF drugs to block inflammation.

Nutritional support for Crohn's disease focuses on providing high-calorie, high-protein diets, supplemented with vitamins, iron, and folic acid. Enteral formulas or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be used for specific cases.

Surgery is not a cure for Crohn's disease but may be necessary to drain abscesses, close fistulas, remove diseased bowel segments, repair perforations, relieve obstructions, or widen strictures.

A long-term complication of Crohn's disease is an increased risk of developing colon cancer.

Nursing care for Crohn's disease focuses on home dietary management, stress reduction techniques, good mouth care, adjusting to disease fluctuations, preparing for potential surgery, and educating patients about medication and support groups.

There is no cure for Crohn's disease. The prognosis can vary depending on the severity, location of disease, and effectiveness of treatment. Long-term management is crucial to improve quality of life and reduce complications.

A newborn's stomach can only hold 10-20 ml of fluid, increasing to an adult capacity of 2,000 - 3,000 ml by late adolescence.

Infants have faster peristalsis than older children, with stomach emptying time ranging from 2-3 hours in newborns to 3-6 hours by 1-2 months of age.

Infants have a higher metabolic rate than adults, requiring 100 calories per kg of body weight compared to 30-40 calories per kg for adults.

Regurgitation is common in infants due to a weak or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter.

Infants have a proportionally longer small intestine and shorter large intestine than adults. This, along with increased secretions, results in frequent, soft stools.

An infant's liver function is immature at birth.

Infants lack sufficient digestive enzymes (amylase, lactase, and lipase) until 4-6 months of age.

Infant intestines are more permeable to proteins than adult intestines, allowing for easier passage of potential allergens like cow's milk protein into the bloodstream.

Infants have a noticeable superficial venous pattern on their skin, especially in lightly pigmented children. This pattern fades as they grow.

Unevenness in the infant's abdomen may indicate a mass, enlarged organ, or a distended hollow organ like the stomach or intestines.

When examining a newborn, check the umbilical cord for redness, swelling, signs of infection, and the presence of an umbilical hernia.

Healthy infants typically have bowel sounds heard every 10-20 seconds, with low intensity.

When percussing an infant's abdomen, you'll hear more tympanic (drum-like) sounds compared to adults, due to their tendency to swallow air.

Distract the child while gently palpating the abdomen. Start with light pressure, moving upwards, and examine tender areas last.

The liver in infants is normally felt 1 to 2 cm below the right costal margin. Enlarged liver (3 cm below) is better determined by percussion.

The spleen in infants and young children may be felt 1 to 2 cm below the left costal margin. Palpate gently due to its vascular nature.