Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary method of insensible water loss in children?
What is the primary method of insensible water loss in children?
In pediatric patients, what proportion of insensible fluid loss occurs through the respiratory tract?
In pediatric patients, what proportion of insensible fluid loss occurs through the respiratory tract?
Why do infants and children under 2 lose more fluid each day compared to older individuals?
Why do infants and children under 2 lose more fluid each day compared to older individuals?
Which factor contributes to increased fluid loss in children with high fevers?
Which factor contributes to increased fluid loss in children with high fevers?
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What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
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What clinical manifestation is most likely associated with hypokalemia?
What clinical manifestation is most likely associated with hypokalemia?
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Which of the following treatments is NOT indicated for hyperkalemia?
Which of the following treatments is NOT indicated for hyperkalemia?
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In a case of dehydration, which assessment finding indicates a higher degree of fluid loss?
In a case of dehydration, which assessment finding indicates a higher degree of fluid loss?
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What condition could be a direct consequence of severe hypokalemia?
What condition could be a direct consequence of severe hypokalemia?
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Which explanation best describes the mechanism by which Kayexalate works?
Which explanation best describes the mechanism by which Kayexalate works?
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What is the primary extracellular electrolyte in the human body and its reference range?
What is the primary extracellular electrolyte in the human body and its reference range?
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What condition is characterized by electrolyte losses being greater than water deficits?
What condition is characterized by electrolyte losses being greater than water deficits?
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What is the healthiest urine output range for infants and toddlers?
What is the healthiest urine output range for infants and toddlers?
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What is a primary complication of isotonic dehydration?
What is a primary complication of isotonic dehydration?
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Which of these treatments is appropriate for hypotonic dehydration?
Which of these treatments is appropriate for hypotonic dehydration?
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What is the most appropriate treatment for a child with uncomplicated unilateral acute otitis media who presents with mild symptoms?
What is the most appropriate treatment for a child with uncomplicated unilateral acute otitis media who presents with mild symptoms?
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with croup syndrome?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with croup syndrome?
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In what situation is administration of fluids by mouth contraindicated for a child with severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
In what situation is administration of fluids by mouth contraindicated for a child with severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
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Which characteristic finding is associated with acute epiglottitis that distinguishes it from other respiratory conditions?
Which characteristic finding is associated with acute epiglottitis that distinguishes it from other respiratory conditions?
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What is the primary cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) in children?
What is the primary cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) in children?
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What is a common symptom of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children?
What is a common symptom of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children?
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Which etiology of diarrhea is least likely to cause chronic nonspecific diarrhea?
Which etiology of diarrhea is least likely to cause chronic nonspecific diarrhea?
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What is indicated by substernal and subcostal retractions in infants?
What is indicated by substernal and subcostal retractions in infants?
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What is the appropriate management of a child experiencing moderate dehydration due to diarrhea?
What is the appropriate management of a child experiencing moderate dehydration due to diarrhea?
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Which sound is characteristic of severe respiratory distress in young children?
Which sound is characteristic of severe respiratory distress in young children?
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What is the incubation period of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
What is the incubation period of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
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Which strain of RSV is considered the most serious and is the source of most severe bronchiolitis cases?
Which strain of RSV is considered the most serious and is the source of most severe bronchiolitis cases?
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What symptoms distinguish RSV bronchiolitis from asthma?
What symptoms distinguish RSV bronchiolitis from asthma?
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In the treatment of bronchiolitis caused by RSV, which of the following treatments is NOT indicated?
In the treatment of bronchiolitis caused by RSV, which of the following treatments is NOT indicated?
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What percentage of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis is associated with RSV?
What percentage of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis is associated with RSV?
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Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of asthma?
Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of asthma?
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What is the primary purpose of a peak flow meter in asthma management?
What is the primary purpose of a peak flow meter in asthma management?
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What is one appropriate therapeutic intervention for managing bacterial pneumonia in children?
What is one appropriate therapeutic intervention for managing bacterial pneumonia in children?
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Which of the following asthma medications is considered a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)?
Which of the following asthma medications is considered a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)?
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What classification of asthma includes symptoms occurring more than twice a week but less than once a day?
What classification of asthma includes symptoms occurring more than twice a week but less than once a day?
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What procedure is the only definitive way to diagnose Hirschsprung's disease?
What procedure is the only definitive way to diagnose Hirschsprung's disease?
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What manifestation is commonly associated with children suffering from Hirschsprung's disease?
What manifestation is commonly associated with children suffering from Hirschsprung's disease?
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What complication is the leading cause of death in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
What complication is the leading cause of death in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
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During which procedure is a catheter with an inflated balloon used to assess anal sphincter pressure?
During which procedure is a catheter with an inflated balloon used to assess anal sphincter pressure?
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What is typically avoided if a patient with suspected Hirschsprung's disease has enterocolitis?
What is typically avoided if a patient with suspected Hirschsprung's disease has enterocolitis?
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What is the recommended volume of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solution for mild dehydration in children?
What is the recommended volume of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solution for mild dehydration in children?
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Which of the following organisms is NOT commonly associated with the etiology of diarrhea?
Which of the following organisms is NOT commonly associated with the etiology of diarrhea?
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What symptom indicates a lower respiratory tract disorder in infants?
What symptom indicates a lower respiratory tract disorder in infants?
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Which treatment approach should be avoided in formula-fed infants experiencing diarrhea?
Which treatment approach should be avoided in formula-fed infants experiencing diarrhea?
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What characteristic finding on otoscopy indicates acute otitis media (AOM)?
What characteristic finding on otoscopy indicates acute otitis media (AOM)?
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Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be associated with hypokalemia?
Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be associated with hypokalemia?
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In patients with dehydration, which measurement is considered the most critical for evaluating their fluid status?
In patients with dehydration, which measurement is considered the most critical for evaluating their fluid status?
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What characterizes insensible water loss in children?
What characterizes insensible water loss in children?
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What is the primary mechanism by which potassium-wasting diuretics contribute to the condition of hypokalemia?
What is the primary mechanism by which potassium-wasting diuretics contribute to the condition of hypokalemia?
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Which nursing priority is essential when managing a patient with hypokalemia before administering potassium IV?
Which nursing priority is essential when managing a patient with hypokalemia before administering potassium IV?
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Which statement is true regarding fluid loss in infants compared to older children?
Which statement is true regarding fluid loss in infants compared to older children?
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In cases of hyperkalemia, which treatment option is specifically aimed at promoting potassium excretion?
In cases of hyperkalemia, which treatment option is specifically aimed at promoting potassium excretion?
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What is the primary reason for increased insensible water loss in pediatric patients with high fevers?
What is the primary reason for increased insensible water loss in pediatric patients with high fevers?
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In pediatric patients, which two compartments primarily involve fluid loss?
In pediatric patients, which two compartments primarily involve fluid loss?
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What portion of insensible fluid loss occurs through the skin in children?
What portion of insensible fluid loss occurs through the skin in children?
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What measurement indicates the presence of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
What measurement indicates the presence of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
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In children with unilateral acute otitis media (AOM) and mild symptoms, what is the recommended approach?
In children with unilateral acute otitis media (AOM) and mild symptoms, what is the recommended approach?
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What treatment is typically indicated for chronic otitis media with effusion if symptoms persist for more than 3 months?
What treatment is typically indicated for chronic otitis media with effusion if symptoms persist for more than 3 months?
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Which of the following best describes the presentation of acute epiglottitis in a child?
Which of the following best describes the presentation of acute epiglottitis in a child?
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What clinical symptom typically differentiates croup syndrome from other upper respiratory conditions?
What clinical symptom typically differentiates croup syndrome from other upper respiratory conditions?
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What is the characteristic of body surface area (BSA) in infants under 2 years of age?
What is the characteristic of body surface area (BSA) in infants under 2 years of age?
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In the context of fluid maintenance for children, what does the 100/50/20 rule specify?
In the context of fluid maintenance for children, what does the 100/50/20 rule specify?
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What factor contributes to the higher metabolic waste excretion observed in infants?
What factor contributes to the higher metabolic waste excretion observed in infants?
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What are the implications of immature renal function in infants under 2 years of age?
What are the implications of immature renal function in infants under 2 years of age?
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What serum sodium level is observed in hypotonic dehydration?
What serum sodium level is observed in hypotonic dehydration?
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What condition is primarily characterized by the absence of ganglionic cells in segments of the colon?
What condition is primarily characterized by the absence of ganglionic cells in segments of the colon?
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Which of the following is a common manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in infants?
Which of the following is a common manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in infants?
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What is the most effective diagnostic method for confirming Hirschsprung's disease?
What is the most effective diagnostic method for confirming Hirschsprung's disease?
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Which surgical procedure involves removing the diseased section of the intestine and connecting the remaining healthy portion to the anus?
Which surgical procedure involves removing the diseased section of the intestine and connecting the remaining healthy portion to the anus?
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What complication is most commonly linked to intestinal distention and ischemia in Hirschsprung's disease?
What complication is most commonly linked to intestinal distention and ischemia in Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is the primary risk factor for developing asthma related to RSV infection during early childhood?
What is the primary risk factor for developing asthma related to RSV infection during early childhood?
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What key clinical manifestation might indicate the progression of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
What key clinical manifestation might indicate the progression of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
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How is bronchiolitis caused by RSV primarily transmitted?
How is bronchiolitis caused by RSV primarily transmitted?
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Which radiographic finding is most typically associated with bronchiolitis RSV on a chest x-ray?
Which radiographic finding is most typically associated with bronchiolitis RSV on a chest x-ray?
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What is the proposed clinical approach after confirming an RSV diagnosis in a child presenting with respiratory symptoms?
What is the proposed clinical approach after confirming an RSV diagnosis in a child presenting with respiratory symptoms?
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What triggers asthma manifestations most commonly in children?
What triggers asthma manifestations most commonly in children?
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What is a key characteristic of barrel chest as seen in chronic asthma?
What is a key characteristic of barrel chest as seen in chronic asthma?
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Which of the following best describes long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) used in asthma management?
Which of the following best describes long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) used in asthma management?
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Which aspect of the asthma action plan signifies a 'yellow zone' condition?
Which aspect of the asthma action plan signifies a 'yellow zone' condition?
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What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers in asthma treatment?
What is the primary function of leukotriene modifiers in asthma treatment?
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What proportion of insensible water loss occurs through the skin and respiratory tract in children?
What proportion of insensible water loss occurs through the skin and respiratory tract in children?
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Which factor increases fluid loss in infants with high fevers?
Which factor increases fluid loss in infants with high fevers?
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Why do children and infants under 2 lose fluid more rapidly than older children and adults?
Why do children and infants under 2 lose fluid more rapidly than older children and adults?
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In insensible water loss, what is the primary route of fluid loss for children during breathing?
In insensible water loss, what is the primary route of fluid loss for children during breathing?
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What is the definition of 'insensible water loss'?
What is the definition of 'insensible water loss'?
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What is the primary cause of isotonic dehydration in infants and young children?
What is the primary cause of isotonic dehydration in infants and young children?
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In hypertonic dehydration, which electrolyte condition is most likely to occur?
In hypertonic dehydration, which electrolyte condition is most likely to occur?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the kidneys of infants and children under 2 years of age?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the kidneys of infants and children under 2 years of age?
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What is a characteristic manifestation of hypotonic dehydration?
What is a characteristic manifestation of hypotonic dehydration?
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For the calculation of daily fluid maintenance in children not suffering from dehydration, what does the '100/50/20 rule' state?
For the calculation of daily fluid maintenance in children not suffering from dehydration, what does the '100/50/20 rule' state?
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What is a common cause of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children aged 6-54 months?
What is a common cause of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children aged 6-54 months?
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark symptom of respiratory distress in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark symptom of respiratory distress in infants?
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Why is it critical to monitor urine output when addressing dehydration in children?
Why is it critical to monitor urine output when addressing dehydration in children?
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How is otitis media primarily diagnosed in children?
How is otitis media primarily diagnosed in children?
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What proportion of ORT solution should be given for moderate rehydration in children?
What proportion of ORT solution should be given for moderate rehydration in children?
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What serum potassium level indicates hyperkalemia?
What serum potassium level indicates hyperkalemia?
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Which of the following manifestations is NOT commonly associated with hypokalemia?
Which of the following manifestations is NOT commonly associated with hypokalemia?
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Which factor does NOT typically lead to hypokalemia?
Which factor does NOT typically lead to hypokalemia?
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What is the appropriate nursing priority for a patient with dehydration?
What is the appropriate nursing priority for a patient with dehydration?
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In cases of hyperkalemia, which treatment should be utilized?
In cases of hyperkalemia, which treatment should be utilized?
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What is the defining characteristic of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
What is the defining characteristic of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
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In which situation should observation be the preferred approach instead of immediate antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media (AOM)?
In which situation should observation be the preferred approach instead of immediate antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media (AOM)?
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What is a primary symptom associated with chronic otitis media with effusion?
What is a primary symptom associated with chronic otitis media with effusion?
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What is the primary treatment approach for severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
What is the primary treatment approach for severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
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Which of the following factors is a typical cause of acute epiglottitis?
Which of the following factors is a typical cause of acute epiglottitis?
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What is the primary cause behind the majority of bronchiolitis cases in children?
What is the primary cause behind the majority of bronchiolitis cases in children?
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By what age have all children generally been infected with RSV at least once?
By what age have all children generally been infected with RSV at least once?
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Which statement best describes the character of the strain A of RSV?
Which statement best describes the character of the strain A of RSV?
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What characteristic of bronchiolitis caused by RSV helps distinguish it from asthma in diagnosis?
What characteristic of bronchiolitis caused by RSV helps distinguish it from asthma in diagnosis?
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What is the most common duration for a bronchiolitis RSV infection?
What is the most common duration for a bronchiolitis RSV infection?
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What is the primary role of leukotriene modifiers in asthma management?
What is the primary role of leukotriene modifiers in asthma management?
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What percentage of children typically experience their first asthma symptoms before the age of 5?
What percentage of children typically experience their first asthma symptoms before the age of 5?
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Why is it important to wean patients off oral prednisone?
Why is it important to wean patients off oral prednisone?
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What distinguishes a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) from a short-acting one?
What distinguishes a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) from a short-acting one?
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Which medication is NOT typically classified as a quick relief beta-adrenergic agent?
Which medication is NOT typically classified as a quick relief beta-adrenergic agent?
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What is the leading cause of death in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
What is the leading cause of death in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
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Which diagnostic method is considered definitive for confirming Hirschsprung's disease?
Which diagnostic method is considered definitive for confirming Hirschsprung's disease?
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In which population is Hirschsprung's disease four times more common?
In which population is Hirschsprung's disease four times more common?
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What is a common manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in newborns?
What is a common manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in newborns?
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What surgical procedure involves the removal of the diseased section of intestine in Hirschsprung's disease treatment?
What surgical procedure involves the removal of the diseased section of intestine in Hirschsprung's disease treatment?
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Which statement accurately represents the division of insensible water loss in children?
Which statement accurately represents the division of insensible water loss in children?
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What is the primary reason that infants and children under 2 experience greater fluid loss than older children?
What is the primary reason that infants and children under 2 experience greater fluid loss than older children?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to exacerbate insensible water loss in children?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to exacerbate insensible water loss in children?
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Why is it not common for adults to lose as much fluid through insensible pathways as infants?
Why is it not common for adults to lose as much fluid through insensible pathways as infants?
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What proportion of total urinary fluid loss typically occurs in pediatric patients?
What proportion of total urinary fluid loss typically occurs in pediatric patients?
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What effect does an increased body surface area (BSA) have on insensible water loss in children under 2 years of age?
What effect does an increased body surface area (BSA) have on insensible water loss in children under 2 years of age?
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Which statement accurately describes the renal capabilities of infants and children under 2 years old?
Which statement accurately describes the renal capabilities of infants and children under 2 years old?
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What is the primary source of fluid loss in isotonic dehydration?
What is the primary source of fluid loss in isotonic dehydration?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of introducing a hypertonic solution too rapidly in cases of hypotonic dehydration?
Which of the following is a potential complication of introducing a hypertonic solution too rapidly in cases of hypotonic dehydration?
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Which clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with hypotonic dehydration?
Which clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with hypotonic dehydration?
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What is the serum potassium level that indicates hyperkalemia?
What is the serum potassium level that indicates hyperkalemia?
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What are the common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?
What are the common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?
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What is considered moderate weight loss in terms of body weight percentage?
What is considered moderate weight loss in terms of body weight percentage?
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Which condition is associated with increased potassium excretion leading to hypokalemia?
Which condition is associated with increased potassium excretion leading to hypokalemia?
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Which factor is NOT a cause of dehydration?
Which factor is NOT a cause of dehydration?
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What is a characteristic finding of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
What is a characteristic finding of middle ear effusion (MEE)?
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In which situation is the immediate prescribing of antibiotics for acute otitis media (AOM) in children most justified?
In which situation is the immediate prescribing of antibiotics for acute otitis media (AOM) in children most justified?
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What is the appropriate management strategy for severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
What is the appropriate management strategy for severe laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)?
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What symptom is specifically associated with acute epiglottitis that differentiates it from other respiratory conditions?
What symptom is specifically associated with acute epiglottitis that differentiates it from other respiratory conditions?
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Which statement best describes the treatment approach for chronic otitis media with effusion?
Which statement best describes the treatment approach for chronic otitis media with effusion?
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What is the appropriate amount of ORT solution for mild rehydration in children experiencing diarrhea?
What is the appropriate amount of ORT solution for mild rehydration in children experiencing diarrhea?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children?
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What characterizes the sound of wheezing during lung auscultation?
What characterizes the sound of wheezing during lung auscultation?
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Which statement accurately describes the incidence of otitis media in young children?
Which statement accurately describes the incidence of otitis media in young children?
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What is the primary indication for assessing a child's fluid intake and output when managing diarrhea?
What is the primary indication for assessing a child's fluid intake and output when managing diarrhea?
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What is the typical age range during which the peak incidence of RSV occurs?
What is the typical age range during which the peak incidence of RSV occurs?
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What is the primary role of lung function tests like PFTs in asthma management?
What is the primary role of lung function tests like PFTs in asthma management?
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Which statement best describes the immune response to RSV after initial infection?
Which statement best describes the immune response to RSV after initial infection?
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Which of the following classifications of asthma indicates symptoms that occur more than twice a week but less than once a day?
Which of the following classifications of asthma indicates symptoms that occur more than twice a week but less than once a day?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of pneumonia in younger children?
What is a common clinical manifestation of pneumonia in younger children?
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What is a key characteristic of the medication theophylline, in the context of asthma treatment?
What is a key characteristic of the medication theophylline, in the context of asthma treatment?
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Which risk factor is NOT associated with increased hospitalization for bronchiolitis due to RSV?
Which risk factor is NOT associated with increased hospitalization for bronchiolitis due to RSV?
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What is the usual duration of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
What is the usual duration of bronchiolitis caused by RSV?
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What is the purpose of using a peak flow meter in asthma management?
What is the purpose of using a peak flow meter in asthma management?
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What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of systemic corticosteroids like Prednisone?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of systemic corticosteroids like Prednisone?
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What is the underlying cause of enterocolitis in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
What is the underlying cause of enterocolitis in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is the primary manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in infancy?
What is the primary manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease in infancy?
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What method is used to definitively diagnose Hirschsprung's disease?
What method is used to definitively diagnose Hirschsprung's disease?
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Which treatment method involves the removal of the diseased section of intestine in Hirschsprung's disease?
Which treatment method involves the removal of the diseased section of intestine in Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is the significance of performing a colonic irrigation in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
What is the significance of performing a colonic irrigation in children with Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is a primary characteristic of Hirschsprung's disease?
What is a primary characteristic of Hirschsprung's disease?
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Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with an increased risk of Hirschsprung's disease?
Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with an increased risk of Hirschsprung's disease?
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What typically occurs when a child with Hirschsprung's disease fails to pass meconium within the appropriate timeframe?
What typically occurs when a child with Hirschsprung's disease fails to pass meconium within the appropriate timeframe?
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What complication primarily leads to death in children suffering from Hirschsprung's disease?
What complication primarily leads to death in children suffering from Hirschsprung's disease?
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What physiological issue arises in Hirschsprung's disease due to the absence of ganglionic cells in the colon?
What physiological issue arises in Hirschsprung's disease due to the absence of ganglionic cells in the colon?
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Which symptom is most indicative of enterocolitis in a child with Hirschsprung's disease?
Which symptom is most indicative of enterocolitis in a child with Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is the main goal of surgery in treating Hirschsprung's disease?
What is the main goal of surgery in treating Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is a common complication of Hirschsprung's disease that can be life-threatening?
What is a common complication of Hirschsprung's disease that can be life-threatening?
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Which examination finding may indicate the presence of fecal impaction in a child?
Which examination finding may indicate the presence of fecal impaction in a child?
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What condition is characterized by tight internal sphincter and absence of stool upon rectal exam?
What condition is characterized by tight internal sphincter and absence of stool upon rectal exam?
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What is the primary purpose of colonic irrigation in the management of enterocolitis?
What is the primary purpose of colonic irrigation in the management of enterocolitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Hirschsprung's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with Hirschsprung's disease?
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What is the initial step to take if a child shows symptoms of enterocolitis?
What is the initial step to take if a child shows symptoms of enterocolitis?
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Which condition should lead to immediate medical attention instead of colonic irrigation?
Which condition should lead to immediate medical attention instead of colonic irrigation?
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What is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux in infants?
What is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux in infants?
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How is gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed?
How is gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed?
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Which factor is NOT a trigger for chronic inflammatory bowel disease?
Which factor is NOT a trigger for chronic inflammatory bowel disease?
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What surgical procedure is indicated for severe cases of gastroesophageal reflux when medical therapy fails?
What surgical procedure is indicated for severe cases of gastroesophageal reflux when medical therapy fails?
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What common complication may arise from Nissen Fundoplication surgery?
What common complication may arise from Nissen Fundoplication surgery?
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What is a significant concern in infants with gastroesophageal reflux?
What is a significant concern in infants with gastroesophageal reflux?
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Which medication class is typically recommended after H2 blockers for treating reflux?
Which medication class is typically recommended after H2 blockers for treating reflux?
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What is one of the common extra intestinal signs associated with inflammatory bowel disease?
What is one of the common extra intestinal signs associated with inflammatory bowel disease?
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Which of the following medications is primarily used to control inflammation in Crohn's disease?
Which of the following medications is primarily used to control inflammation in Crohn's disease?
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What is the primary goal of treatment for Crohn's disease?
What is the primary goal of treatment for Crohn's disease?
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What is a common nutritional recommendation for managing Crohn's disease?
What is a common nutritional recommendation for managing Crohn's disease?
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Which treatment is considered an adjunct therapy for Crohn's disease?
Which treatment is considered an adjunct therapy for Crohn's disease?
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What long-term complication is associated with Crohn's disease?
What long-term complication is associated with Crohn's disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a method to aid in managing nutritional needs for a patient with Crohn's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a method to aid in managing nutritional needs for a patient with Crohn's disease?
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Which of the following statements about Crohn's disease is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Crohn's disease is accurate?
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What is a significant factor influencing the prognosis of a patient with Crohn's disease?
What is a significant factor influencing the prognosis of a patient with Crohn's disease?
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What is the stomach capacity of a newborn?
What is the stomach capacity of a newborn?
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At what age does the emptying time of the stomach typically increase to 3 to 6 hours in infants?
At what age does the emptying time of the stomach typically increase to 3 to 6 hours in infants?
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Why is regurgitation common in infants?
Why is regurgitation common in infants?
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What contributes to the soft frequent stools commonly observed in infants?
What contributes to the soft frequent stools commonly observed in infants?
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What characteristic is true about an infant's liver and spleen compared to an adult's?
What characteristic is true about an infant's liver and spleen compared to an adult's?
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What is the primary reason for the more protuberant abdomen seen in infants?
What is the primary reason for the more protuberant abdomen seen in infants?
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What age range marks the deficiency in digestive enzymes in infants?
What age range marks the deficiency in digestive enzymes in infants?
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What indicates malnutrition or displaced abdominal organs in an infant's abdomen?
What indicates malnutrition or displaced abdominal organs in an infant's abdomen?
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What might asymmetry in the abdominal area indicate in children?
What might asymmetry in the abdominal area indicate in children?
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What is the expected pattern of bowel sounds in a healthy child?
What is the expected pattern of bowel sounds in a healthy child?
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How should abdominal palpation be conducted in infants?
How should abdominal palpation be conducted in infants?
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What is the expected condition of the umbilical stump during the first few weeks of life?
What is the expected condition of the umbilical stump during the first few weeks of life?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of the spleen in infants during a palpation exam?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of the spleen in infants during a palpation exam?
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What can cause high-pitched and frequent bowel sounds during examination?
What can cause high-pitched and frequent bowel sounds during examination?
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When assessing the integrity of the abdominal area in infants, which response is considered a sign of pain?
When assessing the integrity of the abdominal area in infants, which response is considered a sign of pain?
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How should one evaluate for the presence of percussion sounds in an infant's abdomen?
How should one evaluate for the presence of percussion sounds in an infant's abdomen?
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Study Notes
Insensible Water Loss
- Insensible water loss is the unnoticed loss of water through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs.
- Two-thirds of insensible losses are through the skin, one-third through the respiratory tract.
- Children with high respiratory rates (tachypnea) and infections (like RSV) experience increased fluid loss.
- Infants and young children have higher body temperatures, leading to greater sensible losses through their skin.
Fluid Losses in Pediatrics
- Insensible losses: Two-thirds through skin, one-third through the respiratory tract.
- Urinary losses: Via the kidneys.
- Fecal losses: From the digestive tract.
Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): Fluid within the body's cells.
-
Extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid outside the cells, further divided into:
- Intravascular fluid: Fluid within blood vessels.
- Interstitial fluid: Fluid surrounding cells.
Differences in Fluid Needs for Infants and Children (<2 yrs)
- Increased body surface area (BSA): Leads to higher insensible water loss.
- Larger extracellular fluid (ECF) volume: Maintained until approximately 2 years of age.
- Increased metabolic rate: Requires higher fluid intake to fuel metabolic processes.
- Greater metabolic waste production: Requires increased kidney excretion.
- Immature kidney structures: Kidneys are unable to effectively conserve water and electrolytes.
Dehydration Types
-
Isotonic Dehydration:
- Causes: Vomiting, diarrhea.
- Electrolyte levels: Serum sodium (Na+) 130-150 mEq/L.
- Treatment: Isotonic solutions (0.9% normal saline, Lactated Ringers).
- Major complication: Hypovolemic shock.
- Fluid loss: Primarily from extracellular fluid (ECF).
-
Hypotonic Dehydration:
- Causes: Excessive intake of fluids low in solutes, SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone), excessive sweating, burns, diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, heart failure.
- Fluid imbalance: Electrolyte losses are higher than water deficits, with ICF more concentrated than ECF.
- Treatment: Addressing the underlying cause, restricting fluids, administering sodium (Na+), and providing appropriate IV fluids (e.g., D5W or D10).
-
Hypertonic Dehydration:
- Causes: Inadequate fluid intake, low antidiuretic hormone (ADH), diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, high solute intake without enough water, renal disease, osmotic diuresis (e.g., T1DM).
- Fluid imbalance: Water loss is greater than electrolyte deficits, ECF is more concentrated than ICF.
- Treatment: Treating the underlying cause, restricting sodium (Na+), and providing appropriate IV fluids (e.g., 0.45% normal saline).
Electrolytes
- Primary extracellular electrolyte: Sodium (Na+) (approx. 142 mEq/mL).
- Primary intracellular electrolyte: Potassium (K+) (approx. 140 mEq/mL).
Fluid Maintenance Calculations
- The 100/50/20 rule is used for calculating daily fluid maintenance for children (not in dehydration cases):
- 100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg of weight.
- 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg of weight.
- 20 mL/kg for the remaining weight in kilograms.
- Divide by 24 hours to get mL/hour.
Urine Output Ranges
- Healthy urine output ranges vary by age.
Diarrhea
- Acute diarrhea: Sudden increase in stool frequency and consistency, typically lasting less than 14 days.
- Causes: Infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic), excessive laxative use. (Rotavirus decline due to vaccination.)
- Chronic diarrhea: Lasting more than 14 days.
- Causes: Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, food allergies, lactose intolerance, immunodeficiency, malabsorption syndromes.
- Intractable diarrhea of infancy: Persistent diarrhea for more than 2 weeks with no identifiable cause.
- Chronic non-specific diarrhea: Frequent loose stools with undigested food, lasting over 14 days. No blood or infection, often not malnourished.
Respiratory Infections
- Upper Respiratory Tract (URT): Nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea/epiglottis/larynx
- Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT): Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Structural differences: Shorter distances, smaller airways in children make URT infections more likely to descend to the LRT.
- First signs of respiratory distress: Tachypnea.
- Types of sounds and their causes: Rhonchi (rumbling from airway obstruction), crackles (rales) (popping sounds from collapsed airways), wheezing (whistling from narrowed airways), stridor (strained, high-pitched sound on inspiration from obstruction).
Otitis Media (Ear Infections)
- Etiology: Bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) or viral infections, non-infectious causes (allergies).
- Tube differences in young children: Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, hindering drainage.
- Presentations: Irritability, fever, poor feeding, ear pulling, lymphadenopathy, rhinorrhea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea.
- Diagnosis: Otoscopy and auditory testing, checking for TM mobility.
- Criteria for diagnosis: Acute onset s/sx of middle ear inflammation, middle ear effusion (e.g., bulging, redness).
- Treatment: Antibiotics (PO Amoxicillin) or IM Ceftriaxone (depending on severity or compliance), pain relief, warm soaks, Prevnar and Hib vaccines.
Other Respiratory Conditions
- Croup Syndrome: Hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress due to swelling or obstruction in the airway.
- LTB (laryngotracheobronchitis): Most common croup syndrome; Inflammation and obstruction of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi from a viral infection.
- Acute Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis potentially leading to a critical airway obstruction.Bacterial infection; abrupt onset; characterized by severe sore throat, fever, muffled voice, painful swallowing, tripod position, drooling, and difficulty breathing. High risk for acute airway obstruction MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Prevent with Hib vaccine.
- Bronchiolitis (RSV): Inflammation of the bronchioles primarily caused by RSV.
- Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs (viral, more common; bacterial, acute onset).
Additional Conditions
- Hirschsprung's Disease (HD): Congenital condition affecting bowel motility leading to obstructed intestines.
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid or bile regurgitates through the lower esophageal sphincter.
- Childhood Cancers: Leukemia, brain tumors (medullablastoma, others), neuroblastoma, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease.
Cancer Treatment
Details on chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, bone marrow/stem cell transplants, biotherapy, and supportive therapies including nutritional considerations, pain management, and psychosocial support are presented.
Additional Details
- Specific details about types of solutions, medications, and techniques for diagnosis and treatment are included.
- Information about complications (e.g., chemotherapy side effects, tumor lysis syndrome) and their management.
- Information about monitoring (I&O, vital signs, weight, etc.) is integrated with descriptions of the conditions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pediatric fluid and electrolyte management with this comprehensive quiz. Explore questions on insensible water loss, fluid compartments, hypokalemia, and more specific to children. This quiz is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients.