Pediatric Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances

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What is the primary ion found in extracellular fluids?

Magnesium

Calcium

Potassium

Sodium (correct)

Which condition occurs when the sodium concentration in the plasma drops below 130 mmol/L?

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hyponatremia (correct)

Hypernatremia

What are symptoms of hyponatremia similar to?

Heat illness (correct)

Flu

Hypothermia

Dehydration

Which of the following is vital to prevent fatigue and impairment of muscular performance during exercise?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in patients with chronic illness?

Alteration in body compartments due to varied levels of minerals and abnormal fluid Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to assess the effects of fluid and electrolyte restriction on muscle function compared to cardiovascular function during exercise?

Muscle function assessment during exercise is more complex than cardiovascular performance assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte is involved with muscle function along with sodium, potassium, and magnesium?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What should be the initial step in correcting an electrolyte disorder in a chronic ill patient?

Assess the risk of the particular electrolyte disorder and urgency of repletion Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms may indicate manifestations of electrolyte disorders in chronic ill patients?

Acute confusion and seizures Signup and view all the answers

What role does a careful history and physical examination play in detecting electrolyte disorders in chronic ill patients?

They help establish a directed cause of an electrolyte disorder without further tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason fluid and electrolyte disturbances are common in pediatric patients?

Their inability to maintain homeostasis during periods of fever and infection Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult for clinicians to assess the severity of dehydration in pediatric patients?

Their limited ability to communicate physiologic derangements Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily fluid intake requirement for pediatric patients to excrete waste and maintain a reasonable balance?

500-600 ml/m2 per day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for a change in therapy from oral rehydration to IV repletion in pediatric patients?

No improvement or an increase in morbidity Signup and view all the answers

Why are insensible water losses proportionally less than those of adults in pediatric patients?

Their larger percentage of total body water Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of the kidneys in pediatric patients regarding changes in water balance?

Their ability to concentrate or dilute the urine in response to changes in water balance Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of the development of hyponatremia in some children?

Excess sodium in maintenance solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalances can potentially lead to hyperchloremic acidosis and hyperkalemia?

Excess sodium, chloride, and potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis in preventing electrolyte disturbances in children?

Use of oral rehydration solutions and early resumption of normal diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of dehydration in elderly patients admitted to hospital?

1 in 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of developing hyponatremia when treating heart failure with intravenous furosemide in elderly patients?

9.3% per treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which sodium concentration is recommended for oral rehydration solutions for athletes with minimal to moderate sodium deficits?

90 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the carbohydrate concentration recommended in oral rehydration solutions for athletes with minimal to moderate sodium deficits?

2-4% Signup and view all the answers

Which population benefits most from rapid fluid replacement and re-establishment of sodium balance?

Athletes Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent predictor of mortality in elderly patients admitted with hip fractures?

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte abnormality can be caused by the treatment of heart failure with intravenous furosemide in elderly patients?