40 Questions
What is the most common causative microorganism of osteomyelitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the most common postinfectious renal disease in childhood?
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Which of the following is a symptom of hematogenous osteomyelitis?
Decreased range of motion in the affected limb
What is the age range when osteomyelitis is most frequently seen?
Children 10 years of age or younger
What is the most common infection associated with Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Streptococcal infection
What is the primary source of infection for osteomyelitis in neonates?
Group B streptococci
What is the primary source of infection for osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell?
Salmonella
What diagnostic test is used to evaluate osteomyelitis?
All of the above
What is the function of the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure?
To ensure that pressure isn't too high or too low
What is the main function of the kidneys in terms of waste removal?
To remove urea, uric acid, toxins, and other wastes via urine
What is the term for the clinical state characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema?
Nephrotic syndrome
What is the role of the kidneys in calcium absorption?
To activate vitamin D
What is the term for the initial step in the filtration of blood?
Glomerular filtration
What is the effect of increased glomerular permeability to plasma protein?
Increased urinary protein loss
What is the term for the primary disease known as idiopathic nephrosis or minimal-change nephrotic syndrome?
Childhood nephrosis
What is the term for the congenital form of nephrotic syndrome?
Autosomal recessive disorder
What is the most sensitive diagnostic radiologic tool for diagnosing osteomyelitis?
MRI
What is the age group for which Kingella kingae is commonly associated with osteomyelitis?
Children younger than 5 years
What is the purpose of administering a probiotic to some children?
To prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea
What is a characteristic of chronic osteomyelitis?
Dead bone and bone loss
What is the purpose of positioning the child comfortably with the affected limb well supported?
To reduce pain
What is the treatment for subacute osteomyelitis?
IV antibiotics and surgery
What is the name of the type of abscess that may occur in subacute osteomyelitis?
Bodie abscess
What is the purpose of applying a temporary splint and cast?
To immobilize the affected limb
What is the primary function of the synovial membrane?
To produce synovial fluid
What is a common complication of septic arthritis?
Joint deformity and functional disability
What is a predisposing factor for the development of septic arthritis?
Immunosuppression
What is the term for the inflammation of a synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule?
Septic arthritis
What is a symptom of septic arthritis?
Fever
What is a type of arthritis that is caused by an autoimmune response?
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
What is the most common joint affected by septic arthritis?
All of the above
What is a factor that contributes to the development of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?
Genetic predisposition
What happens to the normal blood glucose level around 3 am?
It begins to rise
What is the purpose of decreasing the nocturnal dose of insulin?
To prevent the 2 am hypoglycemia
What stimulates the counterregulatory hormones during a rebound rise?
Hypoglycemia
How often should blood glucose levels and urinary ketones be monitored?
Every 3 hours
What happens to insulin if it is frozen?
It becomes inactive
When should the healthcare practitioner be notified?
If blood glucose levels remain above 240mg/dl
Why is it important for parents to understand the characteristics of various types of insulins?
To substitute another type of insulin when necessary
What happens to the insulin dosage during illness?
It may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged
Study Notes
Pediatric Disorders
- The kidney releases erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, and regulates water balance in the body.
- The kidneys also remove wastes, such as urea, uric acid, and toxins, from the blood through urine.
- They activate vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium, and maintain acid-base balance in the body.
- The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and maintain a balance of electrolytes, like potassium, sodium, and calcium, which is critical for heart rhythm.
Nephrotic Syndrome
- A clinical state characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.
- Can occur as a primary disease known as idiopathic nephrosis, childhood nephrosis, or minimal-change nephrotic syndrome.
- Can also occur as a secondary disorder after glomerular damage with a known or presumed cause.
- Characterized by increased glomerular permeability to plasma protein, resulting in massive urinary protein loss.
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
- The most common postinfectious renal disease in childhood.
- Associated with pneumococcal, streptococcal, and viral infections.
Infections of Bones and Joints
- Osteomyelitis can occur at any age, but most frequently seen in children under 10 years old.
- Most commonly affected bones include the foot, femur, tibia, and pelvis.
- Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative microorganism.
- Other causative microorganisms include group B streptococci for neonates, Salmonella for children with sickle cell disease, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae for sexually active adolescents.
Septic Arthritis
- Inflammation of a synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule due to infection.
- Most common joints affected are knees, hips, ankles, and elbows.
- Clinical manifestations include severe joint pain, swelling, warmth of overlying tissue, and erythema.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
- A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease causing inflammation of joints and other tissues with unknown cause.
- Hypothesized causes include immunogenic susceptibility and environmental or external triggers such as viruses.
- Few known genetic risk factors contribute to the disease.
- Clinical manifestations vary and are unpredictable, potentially causing significant joint deformity and functional disability.
This quiz covers pediatric disorders related to kidney functions, including erythropoietin production and body water regulation.
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