Pediatric Antibiotic Dosage Calculation

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What is the main mechanism of action of penicillin against bacteria?

Inhibiting the formation of bacterial ribosomes

Interfering with the replication of bacterial DNA

Disrupting the function of bacterial cell membrane proteins

Preventing the bonding of cross-linked peptides in the bacterial cell wall (correct)

What component is necessary for the biological activity of penicillins?

Beta-lactam ring (correct)

Side chain

B-lactam antibiotic

Thiazolidine ring

How does bacteria develop resistance to penicillin?

By producing an enzyme called penicillinase to inactivate penicillin (correct)

By reducing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane

By enhancing the efficiency of cross-linking peptides in the cell wall

By increasing the production of bacterial ribosomes

What is the primary adverse reaction associated with penicillins?

Hypersensitivity response Signup and view all the answers

What determines the antibacterial spectrum and susceptibility to degradation of penicillins?

Side chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of reported allergy to penicillin?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of cross-reactivity between penicillin and cephalosporin?

~2% Signup and view all the answers

In the context of penicillin allergy, what is the significance of nonallergic symptoms such as GI symptoms?

They suggest a low risk history of allergy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for a patient with a moderate risk history of allergic reaction to penicillin and urticaria or other pruritic rashes?

Skin testing with penicillin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of penicillin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is available in oral form?

Penicillin V Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of clavulanate in Amoxicillin and clavulanate (Augmentin)?

It protects the penicillin component from inactivation by penicillinase or B-lactamase Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria does dicloxacillin target?

Gram-positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Amoxicillin and clavulanate and Dicloxacillin?

Amoxicillin and clavulanate target Gram-negative bacteria, while Dicloxacillin targets Gram-positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of penicillins with extended spectra of activity such as Amoxicillin and clavulanate?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a B-lactamase inhibitor like clavulanate in antibiotics?

To protect the antibiotic from inactivation by penicillinase or B-lactamase Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is known for frequently causing toxic effects and therefore not used often?

Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

Why does Bacitracin come in an ointment instead of a solution?

It has better stability in an ointment. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is commonly associated with MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)?

Vancomycin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic belongs to the penicillin class and is combined with clavulanate to enhance its effectiveness?

Amoxicillin and clavulanate Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is commonly used to treat various infections?

Cephalexin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

Disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Among the different generations of cephalosporins, which generation exhibits greater efficacy against resistant organisms?

4th generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the spectrum of activity for cephalosporins?

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of resistance to cephalosporins?

Metabolic degradation by enzymes like B-lactamases Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse reaction is more likely to be seen with cephalosporins?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which penicillin is resistant to penicillinase and is NOT inactivated by bacterial penicillinase enzyme?

Dicloxacillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical use of dicloxacillin?

Internal hordeolum Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of dicloxacillin for internal hordeolum treatment?

250mg q6h Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate dosage of amoxicillin/clavulanate for a 56 lb child?

400mg/57mg po BID Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated daily dose of amoxicillin for the 56 lb child?

762mg Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding clavulanate to amoxicillin?

To protect amoxicillin from beta lactamase-producing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What role does clavulanate play in the combination drug Augmentin?

It protects amoxicillin from degradation by enzymes Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is amoxicillin/clavulanate recommended as a treatment according to the text?

Preseptal cellulitis Signup and view all the answers