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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using an anterior chest tube?
What is the primary purpose of using an anterior chest tube?
What should be monitored for when using a chest tube?
What should be monitored for when using a chest tube?
Why should the drainage system be kept below the level of the chest?
Why should the drainage system be kept below the level of the chest?
What is the recommended action if drainage from the chest tube needs to be changed?
What is the recommended action if drainage from the chest tube needs to be changed?
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What should be avoided regarding the handling of a chest tube according to agency policy?
What should be avoided regarding the handling of a chest tube according to agency policy?
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What does excessive bubbling in the chest tube system indicate?
What does excessive bubbling in the chest tube system indicate?
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What is a key responsibility of the nurse when performing chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
What is a key responsibility of the nurse when performing chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
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What could happen if the suction control chamber is not regulated correctly?
What could happen if the suction control chamber is not regulated correctly?
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When is it appropriate to stop chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
When is it appropriate to stop chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
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What is the primary purpose of chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
What is the primary purpose of chest physiotherapy (CPT)?
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What should be done if a client is receiving tube feeding before starting CPT?
What should be done if a client is receiving tube feeding before starting CPT?
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What does gentle bubbling in the suction control chamber indicate?
What does gentle bubbling in the suction control chamber indicate?
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What is a characteristic of a dry suction system for chest drainage?
What is a characteristic of a dry suction system for chest drainage?
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What is often the first symptom to appear in acute viral rhinitis?
What is often the first symptom to appear in acute viral rhinitis?
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Which of the following microorganisms is NOT commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis?
Which of the following microorganisms is NOT commonly associated with acute rhinosinusitis?
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What contributes to the obstruction of sinus cavities in chronic sinusitis?
What contributes to the obstruction of sinus cavities in chronic sinusitis?
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In the case of chronic sinusitis, what kind of factors can be involved?
In the case of chronic sinusitis, what kind of factors can be involved?
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Which symptom is typically not associated with acute viral rhinitis?
Which symptom is typically not associated with acute viral rhinitis?
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What is the main purpose of using nasal steroids in treatment?
What is the main purpose of using nasal steroids in treatment?
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What is a likely consequence of untreated viral upper respiratory infections?
What is a likely consequence of untreated viral upper respiratory infections?
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What immediate effect does nasal congestion have on sinus cavities?
What immediate effect does nasal congestion have on sinus cavities?
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What mechanism stops the process of inspiration?
What mechanism stops the process of inspiration?
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Where is the respiratory center primarily located?
Where is the respiratory center primarily located?
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How do chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries respond when there is a low level of oxygen?
How do chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries respond when there is a low level of oxygen?
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What happens when arterial blood pH rises?
What happens when arterial blood pH rises?
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What is the main process through which gases are exchanged in the lungs?
What is the main process through which gases are exchanged in the lungs?
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What role does blood PaCO2 play in respiration control?
What role does blood PaCO2 play in respiration control?
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Where does internal respiration occur primarily?
Where does internal respiration occur primarily?
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What effect does a decrease in arterial PaCO2 have on respiration?
What effect does a decrease in arterial PaCO2 have on respiration?
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What is the main factor in achieving a proper diagnosis of vasomotor rhinitis?
What is the main factor in achieving a proper diagnosis of vasomotor rhinitis?
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Which factors contribute to the pathophysiology of vasomotor rhinitis?
Which factors contribute to the pathophysiology of vasomotor rhinitis?
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What role do histamines play in the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis?
What role do histamines play in the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis?
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What is believed to be the cause of vasomotor rhinitis?
What is believed to be the cause of vasomotor rhinitis?
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What type of immune response is initiated by the presence of allergens in vasomotor rhinitis?
What type of immune response is initiated by the presence of allergens in vasomotor rhinitis?
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Which conditions are associated with increased mucus secretion during vasomotor rhinitis?
Which conditions are associated with increased mucus secretion during vasomotor rhinitis?
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Which nervous system primarily regulates mucous secretions in the context of vasomotor rhinitis?
Which nervous system primarily regulates mucous secretions in the context of vasomotor rhinitis?
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During the late-phase inflammatory response in vasomotor rhinitis, what recurring symptom is most common?
During the late-phase inflammatory response in vasomotor rhinitis, what recurring symptom is most common?
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Study Notes
Chest Tube Drainage
- Purpose of anterior chest tube: Relieve pressure in the pleural space, remove air or fluid
- Monitoring factors: Drainage amount, color, and consistency. Also, lung sounds, vital signs, and respiratory rate.
- Drainage system placement: Keep the drainage system below the level of the chest to prevent backflow of drainage into the pleural space.
- Drainage change: When the drainage bottle needs to be changed, maintain a closed system to prevent air from entering the pleural space.
- Handling precautions: Avoid milking or stripping the chest tube, as this can cause tissue injury.
- Excessive bubbling: Indicates a possible air leak in the system.
- CPT responsibilities: The nurse should ensure positioning and monitor the client's response to the procedure.
Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)
- Regulation of suction chamber: Incorrect suction control chamber regulation could lead to too much or too little suction, potentially causing complications.
- Stopping CPT: Stop CPT when the client experiences fatigue or if the procedure is ineffective.
- Purpose of CPT: To loosen and remove secretions from the airway.
- Pre-CPT considerations: If a client is receiving tube feeding, hold the feeding for 30-60 minutes prior to starting CPT.
- Gentle bubbling: Indicates that the suction is working correctly.
- Dry suction system: Features a closed system where suction is achieved without the use of water.
Acute Viral Rhinitis
- First symptom: Often, the first symptom to appear is a runny nose.
- Microorganisms not associated: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is usually not associated with acute rhinosinusitis.
- Sinus cavity obstruction: Swelling of the nasal mucosa due to inflammation can obstruct sinus cavities.
- Factors in chronic sinusitis: Allergies and anatomical abnormalities can contribute to chronic sinusitis.
Treatment of Viral Rhinitis
- Symptom not associated: A fever is typically not associated with acute viral rhinitis.
- Purpose of nasal steroids: Nasal steroids reduce inflammation and swelling, easing symptoms.
- Uncontrolled infection consequence: Untreated viral upper respiratory infections can lead to complications like sinusitis or otitis media.
Respiratory System Physiology
- Congestion effect: Nasal congestion immediately obstructs the sinus cavities, leading to pressure and discomfort.
- Inspiration stopping mechanism: Inspiration is stopped by the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
- Respiratory center location: The respiratory center is primarily located in the medulla oblongata.
- Chemoreceptor response to low oxygen: Chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries increase breathing rate in response to low oxygen levels.
- Elevated blood pH: When arterial blood pH rises, respirations decrease to retain CO2 and lower pH back to normal.
- Gas exchange process: Gas exchange in the lungs occurs through diffusion due to pressure gradients.
- PaCO2 role: Blood PaCO2 plays a primary role in controlling respiration by influencing the respiratory center.
- Internal respiration site: Internal respiration occurs primarily at the cellular level, where oxygen is used and CO2 is produced.
- Decreased PaCO2 effect: A decrease in arterial PaCO2 reduces breathing rate.
Vasomotor Rhinitis
- Diagnosis factor: The main factor for diagnosing vasomotor rhinitis is excluding other potential causes.
- Pathophysiology contributing factors: Vasomotor rhinitis is often associated with vascular alterations, neurogenic involvement, and alterations in the sympathetic nervous system.
- Histamine role: Histamines contribute to nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching experienced in vasomotor rhinitis.
- Cause: The exact cause of vasomotor rhinitis is unknown but may be related to environmental triggers, hormonal changes, or other factors.
- Allergen response: Allergens trigger an immune response in the nasal mucosa, causing inflammation.
- Mucus secretion association: Increased mucus secretion is associated with conditions like viral infections, allergies, and anatomical irregularities.
- Mucus regulation: The autonomic nervous system, primarily the parasympathetic nervous system, regulates mucous secretions.
- Recurring symptom: Recurring nasal congestion is the most common late-phase inflammatory symptom in vasomotor rhinitis.
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