PCAT Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Centers for regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure are found in the?

hypothalamus

A patient's anterior pituitary gland is removed due to the presence of a malignant tumor. Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones would be LEAST affected following surgery?

Insulin (correct)

Cortisol

Growth hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

What is the probability that a boy born to an unaffected man and a carrier woman will be color blind?

1/2

A patient who has gained 40 lbs in the past 3 months goes to her physician with complaints of fatigue. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of?

thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the heart is true?

Both the superior and inferior vena cava route blood into the right atrium. Signup and view all the answers

Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder with a deleterious effect on the connective protein fibrillin. Which of the following is LEAST likely a symptom of this disorder?

Peripheral neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

In the menstrual cycle, what is triggered by a surge in LH?

ovulation Signup and view all the answers

In a eukaryotic cell, which organelle's primary function is protein synthesis?

ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be absorbed in the stomach?

Alcohol and certain drugs Signup and view all the answers

What path does oxygen follow when traveling through the respiratory structures?

external nares (nostrils) > nasal cavity > internal nares > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of words best describes the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic Signup and view all the answers

The 5 types of immunoglobulins are secreted from which type of cell?

differentiated B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?

Pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Compared to inhaled air in the alveoli, the partial pressures of carbon dioxide in the pulmonary artery is?

greater Signup and view all the answers

If 18O labeled glucose is given to a human, where is the label most likely to appear?

Exhaled CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Large molecules exit the cell by the process known as?

exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

If a patient with high blood glucose levels accidentally took an overdose of insulin, which of the following would occur?

convulsions due to decreased blood glucose concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true concerning a sex-linked lethal recessive trait?

it will cause death primarily in males Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not reabsorbed from the tubules of the nephron?

proteins Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for the blind spot in the field of vision?

exit point of the optic nerve from the eye Signup and view all the answers

Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) results from which type of chromosomal alteration?

nondisjunction Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a cell engulfs large particulate matter is called?

phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Fossils that are impressions left by an organism are known as?

imprints Signup and view all the answers

What is the hybridization of the central atom in a NH3 molecule?

sp3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bromoalkanes is least likely to undergo an SN2 reaction?

CH3CHBrCH2CH3 Signup and view all the answers

Suppose that multiple newly created amino acids interact to build a small protein molecule. The primary structure of that protein is formed when?

the amino-terminus of one amino acid attacks the carboxy-terminus of another Signup and view all the answers

Suppose the experimenters wish to identify whether the sample is entirely made up of glycine or if there are significant concentrations of other amino acids present. They can?

use polarized light in order to determine whether or not the sample is optically active Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will increase the yield of carboxylic acid formed from a nitrile group-containing compound?

attach an electron withdrawing group to the carbon of the nitrile group Signup and view all the answers

At 0 degrees Celsius, a container holds a mixture of helium, oxygen, and fluorine gas. There are 3 moles of helium, 4 moles of oxygen, and 3 moles of fluorine. What is the total volume of gas if the total pressure is 1 atm?

22.4 L Signup and view all the answers

The method of carbon dating used to determine age depends on the assumption that:

the half-life of the isotope does not depend on conditions external to the isotope nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the normality of a solution?

the molarity times the number of H atoms per molecule Signup and view all the answers

In a single strand of a nucleic acid, the nucleotides are linked by?

phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are?

ADP + Pi Signup and view all the answers

Monoacylglycerols are produced through the reaction of glycerol with a long chain fatty acid. In this reaction, the hydroxyl group of glycerol acts as?

nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl carbon Signup and view all the answers

The lipid composition in the cell membranes of hibernating animals would be expected to comprise?

more linoleic acid than palmitic acid Signup and view all the answers

Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (8-10 carbons) can also be produced by a small alteration to its biosynthetic pathway. What change would most likely lead to this?

Thioesterase specificity; in order to make a chain that's less than 16 carbons, the chain elongation cycle must be terminated early Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds has the strongest electrostatic interactions between the constituent particles?

NaCl Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain controls breathing rate?

medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

Denitrifying bacteria...

turn nitrates into N2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding lambda phage, a virus that infects bacteria?

in the lysogenic cycle, the bacterial host replicates viral DNA, passing it onto daughter cells during binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is involved in clot formation?

platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are characteristic of animal and fungal cells, but NOT bacterial cells?

Eukaryotic Signup and view all the answers

When ACh binds to its receptor, which of the following ions is released from the muscle cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viruses is NOT true?

They may replicate autonomously in the absence of a host. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is cyanide's mechanism of action?

Cyanide inhibits aerobic ATP formation Signup and view all the answers

Suppose that the liver was unable to synthesize glycogen but could still uptake glucose. This could be attributed to a problem in pancreatic?

beta-cells Signup and view all the answers

The excess amino acids released from the liver are?

taken up by skeletal muscle to replace lost amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT inhibit the actions of insulin?

hyper stimulation of GLUT2 receptor expression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be used as an energy source during the absorptive state?

glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the uptake of genetic material from the environment?

transformation Signup and view all the answers

A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his?

left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones directly affects blood sugar level?

glucagon Signup and view all the answers

There are some proteins that appear to be excreted in blood flowing to and from the kidney but not found in the urine. Which organelles are responsible for this?

lysosomes and Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Without ADH, the distal convoluted tubule and collective duct remain relatively impermeable to water. This is because epithelial cells are connected by?

tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

In nephrotic syndrome, there is a loss of fluid to the tissues and a decrease in blood pressure. Which hormone would counteract this disease?

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the proximal tubule responsible for?

the adjustment of caloric substances and toxins, glucose, amino acid, and protein re-absorption, and the secretion of non-ionic substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is made of bone?

middle ear Signup and view all the answers

The role of CCK in the digestive system is to?

stimulate the gallbladder to release bile Signup and view all the answers

In the kidneys, the osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid and the fluid in the nephron is greatest at?

the descending limb Signup and view all the answers

The protein that hair is primarily composed of is?

keratin Signup and view all the answers

What is a missense mutation?

changed AA (conservative - new AA is similar in chemical structure) Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle can?

contract without stimulation from the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of heat loss?

dilation of blood vessels in the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ABO blood types CANNOT produce type O offspring?

AB Signup and view all the answers

If a patient's lymphatic channels have been obstructed by the spread of malignant tumors, what will happen?

increased fluid pressure in extracellular spaces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the kidney is correct?

it keeps the relative concentrations of inorganic ions in the body's blood plasma at a constant level Signup and view all the answers

A diet high in saturated fats can be most directly linked to the development of?

atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false regarding noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme?

The reaction can still reach Vmax. Signup and view all the answers

When a person inhales fresh air?

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood Signup and view all the answers

Environmental factors dividing a population into 2 that evolve in different directions with different adaptive responses is called?

divergent evolution Signup and view all the answers

If the pH of blood were to increase to 7.6, what would be the likely outcome?

a decrease in CO2 exhalation Signup and view all the answers

How would the volume of urine excreted alter in response to acidosis?

it would increase because the proximal convoluted tubule would not reabsorb as much water Signup and view all the answers

When phosphoric acid is titrated with a strong base, which of the following is the predominant compound found at the 3rd equivalence point?

phosphate ion Signup and view all the answers

A diabetic patient displays acidosis due to the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. What compensatory changes would take place in the body?

breathing rate would increase and total blood CO2/HCO3- concentration would decrease Signup and view all the answers

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is?

equal to the atmospheric pressure Signup and view all the answers

Alpha helices are secondary structure characterized by?

intramolecular hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

If a reaction proceeds spontaneously?

Keq > 1 Signup and view all the answers

If the cell potential is positive?

the reaction is spontaneous Signup and view all the answers

Enantiomers are molecules that_____?

have the same general formula but different molecular interactions Signup and view all the answers

If saturated fatty acid tails from phospholipids are replaced by unsaturated fatty acid tails, what would be observed?

the fluidity of a cell lipid bilayer is increased Signup and view all the answers

The reaction of glycerol and fatty acids produces?

fats Signup and view all the answers

Besides peptide bonds, what other covalent bonds are commonly found in peptides?

disulfide bonds Signup and view all the answers

An overabundance of _____ is most likely to result in symptoms seen in PKU?

tryptophan Signup and view all the answers

Methyl substituents are?

ortho/para directors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is always true of an Sn2 reaction involving a chiral substrate?

The reaction rate is second order overall. Signup and view all the answers

If structural interactions are disrupted in a binding enzyme, Vmax for that enzyme would most likely?

be altered, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised Signup and view all the answers

How many pi and sigma bonds are found in ethyne?

3 sigma and 2 pi bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular mechanisms would be directly affected by a vitamin B12 deficiency?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

B12 is bound to protein in food sources by?

hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

IR spectroscopy is useful in distinguishing between?

molecules with different functional groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following DNA sequences would have the highest melting temperature?

GGGCCC Signup and view all the answers

How might a drug raise the threshold for an action potential in a cell?

increase the amount of K+ in the cell Signup and view all the answers

What makes steroids unique in their mechanism of action as compared to peptide hormones?

their ability to enter the nucleus and affect protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is avascular?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the sarcomere decreases in size during muscle contraction?

H-zone Signup and view all the answers

Microtubules attach to chromosomes at?

centromeres Signup and view all the answers

The GTP used by tubulin could come directly from the products of?

the citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is due to nondisjunction?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a way that bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents occur?

Generating organelles that sequester the antimicrobial agents Signup and view all the answers

Helminths are part of what larger class of organisms?

parasites Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Endocrine System

Hypothalamus regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, temperature, water balance, and blood pressure.
Anterior pituitary removal minimally affects insulin levels.
Thyroxine deficiency leads to symptoms like goiter and decreased metabolic rate.
Glucagon is a hormone that directly impacts blood sugar levels.

Genetics and Inheritance

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait; probability of a carrier woman passing it to a son is 1/2.
Kleinfelter's Syndrome (XXY) is caused by nondisjunction.
Sex-linked lethal recessive traits mainly cause death in males.

Cell Biology and Physiology

Ribosomes are crucial for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Exocytosis is the process by which large molecules exit cells.
Cardiac muscle can contract independently of nervous stimulation.

Metabolism and Energy

Insulin overdose can cause convulsions due to lowering blood glucose levels.
Aldosterone counters fluid loss in nephrotic syndrome.
Glucose serves as the primary energy source during the absorptive state.

Structure and Function

The H-zone decreases in size during muscle contraction.
Phagocytosis is the process where a cell engulfs large particles.
Tight junctions in kidney epithelial cells prevent water permeability without ADH.

Evolution and Ecology

Divergent evolution occurs when environmental factors separate a population into different adaptive paths.
Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas (N2).

Chemistry and Biochemistry

Phosphoric acid titration involves phosphate ions at the third equivalence point.
Disulfide bonds and peptide bonds are common in peptides.
NaCl exhibits the strongest electrostatic interactions among given compounds.

Microbiology and Immunology

Lysosomes and Golgi apparatus are responsible for protein processing in blood and urine.
Transformation is the uptake of genetic material from the environment by bacteria.

Anatomy and Physiology

Blood platelets are crucial for clot formation.
The medulla oblongata controls the breathing rate.
The mitral valve stenosis leads to elevated blood pressure in the left atrium.

Psychological and Neurological

ACh binding in muscle cells leads to the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
High blood pH (7.6) results in decreased CO2 exhalation.

Miscellaneous

IR spectroscopy detects different functional groups in molecules.
The boiling point is when a liquid's vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
Helminths are a category of organisms known as parasites.

Additional Key Concepts

Medium-chain saturated fatty acids can be produced by altering thioesterase specificity.
Enhanced membrane fluidity occurs when saturated fatty acids are replaced by unsaturated ones.
Elevated fluid pressure in extracellular spaces results from lymphatic obstruction due to tumors.

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