Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Gross human anatomy deals with the large structures of the human body that are seen through dissection. Microscopic human anatomy deals with the small structures that can only be seen with a microscope.

Structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are closely related; the function of an organ depends on how it is put together.

Chemical level, cells, tissues, organs, body systems, and total organism.

<p>Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two or more tissue types make up an organ. Examples of organs include the skin, heart, ear, stomach, and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A body system is made up of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions. Examples of body systems include the nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Several systems that work together to maintain life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects underlying tissues from injury, protects against water loss, contains sense receptors, helps in temperature regulation, and synthesizes chemicals to be used in other parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms the framework of the body, protects underlying organs, serves as attachment for muscles, acts with muscles to produce movement, provides calcium storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces movement, maintains posture, stores energy, serves as the primary source of heat for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is a normal stable condition in which the body's internal environment remains the same. If the body is not in homeostasis, the result is illness or death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When blood pressure decreases or increases, body sensors detect the deviation and initiate changes that bring the pressure back within the normal range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body is standing erect, the face is forward, the arms are at the sides, and the palms and toes are directed forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior means above another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordinates body activities, allows body parts to communicate with each other and with the outside environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cranial cavity and spinal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretes hormones that regulate cellular activities, which in turn coordinate and regulate body activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transports nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to the tissues and removes waste products; also defends body against disease (white blood cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transports lymph fluid from the tissues and back into the blood, filters foreign particles from lymph fluid as a protection against disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferior means below another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior means toward the front surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior means toward the back surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral means toward or nearer the side; away from the midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal means closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than is another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal means farther away from a point of attachment than is another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superficial means located on or near the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep means located away from the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visceral means pertaining to internal organs or the covering of the organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal means pertaining to the wall of a body cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingests food, processes it so that it can be used by the body, and eliminates the residue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lengthwise cut through the midline of the body that divides the body into right and left halves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A horizontal cut across the body that divides it into superior and inferior portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most of the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axial: Head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis). Appendicular: Limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removes waste products from the blood and regulates the fluid level and chemical content of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces new individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell and determines what can enter or leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gel-like fluid inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small structures in the cytoplasm. Each has a specific role in the metabolic reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serves as the control center of the cell that directs the activities of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces RNA and combines it with protein to form ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converts energy from nutrients into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesize proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides a path to transport materials from one part of the cell to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To package proteins and lipids produced by the cell, which are then released to the exterior of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes are sacs containing enzymes that destroy cellular debris, worn-out cell parts, and foreign particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia are short hairlike processes that move substances across the surface of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When carbon dioxide builds up in the capillaries to a concentration that is higher than that in the lungs, it diffuses into the lungs. When the level of oxygen in the capillaries is lower than the level of oxygen in the lungs, it diffuses into the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration of water molecules to a region of lower concentration of water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water moves in both directions at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shrinks or crenates because the solution is more concentrated than the contents of the cell, which causes water to leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It swells and hemolyzes because the solution is less concentrated than the contents of the cell, which causes water to enter the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step in urine formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of molecules uphill from a region of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transport of amino acids and glucose from the small intestine into the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of vesicles to transfer particles and droplets from outside to inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane engulfs a particle to form a vesicle in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer of secretions to the outside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and secretion of milk from the mammary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An egg or sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 pairs of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A special type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number of chromosomes found in a body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of cell division consisting of two cell divisions in which DNA is only replicated once. This results in four cells, but each one only has 23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers