Anatomy and Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between gross human anatomy and microscopic human anatomy?

Gross human anatomy deals with the large structures of the human body that are seen through dissection. Microscopic human anatomy deals with the small structures that can only be seen with a microscope.

What is the relationship between human anatomy and physiology?

Structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are closely related; the function of an organ depends on how it is put together.

What are the six levels of organization of the body?

Chemical level, cells, tissues, organs, body systems, and total organism.

What are the four main types of tissue found in the body?

<p>Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up an organ? List examples of organs.

<p>Two or more tissue types make up an organ. Examples of organs include the skin, heart, ear, stomach, and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up a body system? List examples of body systems.

<p>A body system is made up of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions. Examples of body systems include the nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up a total human organism?

<p>Several systems that work together to maintain life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the integumentary system?

<p>Protects underlying tissues from injury, protects against water loss, contains sense receptors, helps in temperature regulation, and synthesizes chemicals to be used in other parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the skeletal system?

<p>Forms the framework of the body, protects underlying organs, serves as attachment for muscles, acts with muscles to produce movement, provides calcium storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the muscular system?

<p>Produces movement, maintains posture, stores energy, serves as the primary source of heat for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis? Why is it important to the body?

<p>Homeostasis is a normal stable condition in which the body's internal environment remains the same. If the body is not in homeostasis, the result is illness or death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body maintain normal blood pressure using a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>When blood pressure decreases or increases, body sensors detect the deviation and initiate changes that bring the pressure back within the normal range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the body in anatomic position.

<p>The body is standing erect, the face is forward, the arms are at the sides, and the palms and toes are directed forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define superior and provide an example.

<p>Superior means above another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the sagittal plane.

<p>A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nervous system?

<p>Coordinates body activities, allows body parts to communicate with each other and with the outside environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

<p>Cranial cavity and spinal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endocrine system?

<p>Secretes hormones that regulate cellular activities, which in turn coordinate and regulate body activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

<p>Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Transports nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to the tissues and removes waste products; also defends body against disease (white blood cells).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located in the thoracic cavity?

<p>Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Transports lymph fluid from the tissues and back into the blood, filters foreign particles from lymph fluid as a protection against disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define inferior and provide an example.

<p>Inferior means below another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define anterior and provide an example.

<p>Anterior means toward the front surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define posterior and provide an example.

<p>Posterior means toward the back surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define medial and provide an example.

<p>Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define lateral and provide an example.

<p>Lateral means toward or nearer the side; away from the midline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define proximal and provide an example.

<p>Proximal means closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than is another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define distal and provide an example.

<p>Distal means farther away from a point of attachment than is another part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define superficial and provide an example.

<p>Superficial means located on or near the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define deep and provide an example.

<p>Deep means located away from the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define visceral and provide an example.

<p>Visceral means pertaining to internal organs or the covering of the organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define parietal and provide an example.

<p>Parietal means pertaining to the wall of a body cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the digestive system?

<p>Ingests food, processes it so that it can be used by the body, and eliminates the residue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define midsagittal plane.

<p>A lengthwise cut through the midline of the body that divides the body into right and left halves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define transverse plane.

<p>A horizontal cut across the body that divides it into superior and inferior portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define frontal plane.

<p>A cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located in the abdominal cavity?

<p>Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most of the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system?

<p>Brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located in the pelvic cavity?

<p>Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located in the following regions of the body? a. Axial: b. Appendicular:

<p>Axial: Head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis). Appendicular: Limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urinary system?

<p>Removes waste products from the blood and regulates the fluid level and chemical content of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the reproductive system?

<p>Produces new individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell and determines what can enter or leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>The gel-like fluid inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

<p>Small structures in the cytoplasm. Each has a specific role in the metabolic reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances are dissolved in the intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm?

<p>Electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

<p>Serves as the control center of the cell that directs the activities of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the nucleolus located?

<p>Within the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus?

<p>Produces RNA and combines it with protein to form ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

<p>Converts energy from nutrients into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

<p>Synthesize proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Provides a path to transport materials from one part of the cell to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>To package proteins and lipids produced by the cell, which are then released to the exterior of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>Lysosomes are sacs containing enzymes that destroy cellular debris, worn-out cell parts, and foreign particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia, and what is their function?

<p>Cilia are short hairlike processes that move substances across the surface of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is simple diffusion?

<p>Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does diffusion result in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?

<p>When carbon dioxide builds up in the capillaries to a concentration that is higher than that in the lungs, it diffuses into the lungs. When the level of oxygen in the capillaries is lower than the level of oxygen in the lungs, it diffuses into the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration of water molecules to a region of lower concentration of water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

<p>Water moves in both directions at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? Explain the reason for your answer.

<p>It shrinks or crenates because the solution is more concentrated than the contents of the cell, which causes water to leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? Explain the reason for your answer.

<p>It swells and hemolyzes because the solution is less concentrated than the contents of the cell, which causes water to enter the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process in the body relies on filtration?

<p>The first step in urine formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>The movement of molecules uphill from a region of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process in the body relies on active transport?

<p>The transport of amino acids and glucose from the small intestine into the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

<p>The formation of vesicles to transfer particles and droplets from outside to inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phagocytosis?

<p>The cell membrane engulfs a particle to form a vesicle in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

<p>The transfer of secretions to the outside of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of exocytosis.

<p>Secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and secretion of milk from the mammary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a somatic cell?

<p>A body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamete?

<p>An egg or sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes are present in a human cell?

<p>23 pairs of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods the body uses to reproduce cells?

<p>Mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

<p>A special type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number of chromosomes found in a body cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

<p>A type of cell division consisting of two cell divisions in which DNA is only replicated once. This results in four cells, but each one only has 23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gross Anatomy

The study of large body structures visible without a microscope (e.g., organs, bones).

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of tiny body structures requiring a microscope (e.g., cells, tissues).

Anatomy and Physiology Relationship

Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology).

Levels of Organization

Body organization levels are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.

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Tissue Types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

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Organ Composition

Organs are made of two or more tissue types.

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Body Systems

Groups of organs working together.

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Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails; protects, regulates temp, senses.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions.

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Skeletal System

Bones, support framework, protection, and calcium storage.

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Muscular System

Muscles, movement, posture, heat generation.

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Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord; controls body functions.

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Endocrine System

Hormones regulate body activities.

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Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels; transport and immunity.

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Lymphatic System

Filters fluid, protects against disease.

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Respiratory System

Lungs and airways; gas exchange.

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Digestive System

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

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Urinary System

Kidneys, bladder; eliminates waste, water balance.

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Reproductive System

Production of offspring.

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Anterior

Toward the front.

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Posterior

Toward the back.

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Superior

Above another part.

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Inferior

Below another part.

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Plasma Membrane

Cell boundary, separates cell contents from surroundings

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

  • Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy: Gross anatomy involves large structures visible in dissections, while microscopic anatomy requires a microscope to view small structures.
  • Anatomy and Physiology Relationship: Structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are interdependent; an organ's functionality is determined by its structural composition.
  • Levels of Organization: Body organization includes chemical level, cells, tissues, organs, body systems, and the total organism.
  • Types of Tissue: Four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Organ and Body Systems

  • Composition of Organs: Organs are formed from two or more tissue types. Examples include the skin, heart, and liver.
  • Body Systems: Each body system consists of several organs working together for specific functions, e.g., nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system.
  • Total Human Organism: A complete organism is composed of multiple systems collaborating to sustain life.

System Functions

  • Integumentary System: Protects tissues, prevents water loss, contains sensory receptors, and regulates temperature.
  • Skeletal System: Provides body framework and protection for organs, serves as muscle attachment, and stores calcium.
  • Muscular System: Facilitates movement, maintains posture, stores energy, and generates body heat.
  • Nervous System: Coordinates functions, enabling communication within the body and with the environment.
  • Endocrine System: Secretes hormones for cellular function regulation and body activity coordination.
  • Cardiovascular System: Transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and waste products; immune defense (via white blood cells).
  • Lymphatic System: Transports lymph fluid, filters out foreign particles for disease protection.
  • Digestive System: Ingests, processes, and eliminates food residues.
  • Respiratory System: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the lungs.
  • Urinary System: Eliminates waste and regulates fluid/chemical balance.
  • Reproductive System: Responsible for producing new individuals.

Body Orientation and Anatomy Terminology

  • Anatomic Position: Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms and toes directed forward.
  • Directional Terms:
    • Superior: Above another part.
    • Inferior: Below another part.
    • Anterior: Toward the front.
    • Posterior: Toward the back.
    • Medial: Closer to the midline.
    • Lateral: Away from the midline.
    • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
    • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.
    • Superficial: Near the surface.
    • Deep: Away from the surface.
    • Visceral: Related to internal organs.
    • Parietal: Related to the cavity wall.

Body Cavities

  • Dorsal Cavity Subdivisions: Cranial and spinal cavities.
  • Ventral Cavity Subdivisions: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
  • Structures in Cavities: Thoracic (heart, lungs), abdominal (stomach, liver, intestines), pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs).

Cellular Structure and Functions

  • Plasma Membrane: Separates internal and external environments of the cell.
  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid containing organelles.
  • Organelles: Specialized structures performing distinct functions (e.g., mitochondria for ATP production).
  • Nucleus: Control center of the cell, directs activities, houses the nucleolus.
  • Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus, produces RNA and forms ribosomes.

Membrane Transport Mechanisms

  • Simple Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Processes for transporting substances into and out of the cell.

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: Nuclear division leading to two identical daughter cells. Phases include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Meiosis: Cell division producing gametes (egg and sperm) with half the chromosome number (23 chromosomes).

Chromosomes and Genetic Material

  • Chromosome Count: Human cells have 23 pairs (46 total).
  • Somatic Cells vs. Gametes: Somatic cells are body cells; gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

Body Functions Overview

  • Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions critical for health; imbalance leads to illness.
  • Normal Blood Pressure Regulation: Negative feedback loops maintain blood pressure within normal ranges.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including the differences between gross and microscopic anatomy, the relationship between structure and function, and the levels of organization in the human body. It also covers the composition of organs and the various body systems.

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