Patient Centered Communication in Medicine

<p>Greater than 100 beats per minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>35 inches (88 cm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pupillary dilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esotropia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduction hearing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard and fixed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves issues in the inner ear or cochlear nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suggests hypovolemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12-20 breaths per minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Readings will be too high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First Korotkoff sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 100.4°F (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoriasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nail clubbing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.5 cm above the crease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pearly appearance and rarely metastasizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saddle anesthesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter, Evolving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heberden’s node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numbness along the thumb and index finger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 6mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhinorrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tricuspid stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At mid RA level (B), At the sternal angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume overload LV failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fremitus suggests consolidated lung tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crackles/rales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly localized, moderate achy pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When rigidity is observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper gastrointestinal bleed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver disease or heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bruits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 inches (5cm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyper-resonant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A symptom is a phenomenon the affected person experiences, while a sign is a phenomenon detectable by someone else.

Medical documentation includes the full history and physical (H&P), focused H&P (SOAP format), problem-focused notes, and task-focused notes.

General appearance in a physical exam includes noting physical traits like body type (obese, underweight), facial features, and overall condition.

BMI is calculated to determine body mass index. Waist circumference is also important, with values above specific thresholds potentially indicating higher health risks (e.g., diabetes and hypertension).

Essential vital signs include blood pressure, heart rate, respirations, temperature and pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation) in critical situations.

A weak and variable pulse in hypovolemia, indicating low blood volume.

A regular pulse rhythm, like a metronome.

An irregular pulse rhythm characteristic of atrial fibrillation.

A pulse rhythm with a pattern of extra beats, often originating from the ventricle.

The inflatable bladder should be around 40% of the upper arm circumference, typically 12-14 cm.

Place the cuff over the brachial artery, 2.5 cm above the antecubital crease.

Using a cuff that is too small will give readings that are too high. A large cuff on a small are will result in a low reading, while a large cuff on a large arm will result in a high reading.

A condition where the fingertips widen and the nails curve downward, often associated with pulmonary or inflammatory bowel disease.

The narrowing of the pupil, often caused by near effort, medication, or neurological conditions.

Rapid, involuntary eye movements that can be caused by neurological conditions, inner ear problems, or medications.

A misalignment of the eyes, caused by muscle imbalance, leading to one eye looking in a different direction.

Mydriasis refers to dilation of the pupils, while miosis refers to constriction.

The eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external ear canal from the middle ear. It vibrates with sound waves and transmits them to the inner ear.

Physical features associated with Cushing's syndrome include abdominal striae (stretch marks), truncal obesity (fat around the middle), moon facies (round face), fat pads, and buffalo hump (fat accumulation on the upper back).

Increased risk of melanoma is associated with a personal or family history of the disease, having over 50 common moles, fair skin with red or light hair, freckles, excessive sun exposure, and tanning bed use, especially before age 35.

The ABCDE rule helps identify potential melanoma: Asymmetry, irregular Borders, Color variations, Diameter greater than 6mm, and Evolving appearance.

The most common type of skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, typically appears in sun-exposed areas and rarely spreads. It can present as an open sore, red patch, shiny nodule, pink growth, or scar-like lesion.

Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type of skin cancer, can metastasize, especially when located on the scalp, lips, and ears. It appears as a smooth, firm wart-like growth, open sore, or elevated lesion with a central depression.

Acute musculoskeletal pain is defined as pain lasting less than 6 weeks, whereas chronic pain persists for more than 12 weeks.

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, gets compressed by the flexor retinaculum (a ligament) and surrounding tissues.

The anatomical snuff box is a depression on the back of the hand formed by the extensor tendons. Assessing this area helps determine if a scaphoid fracture (a fracture of the wrist bone) has occurred.

A narrow tricuspid valve leads to larger A waves during atrial filling due to resistance to blood flow.

Tricuspid valve regurgitation results in larger filling waves because blood leaks back into the atrium during ventricular contraction.

CVP measures the pressure in the right atrium. Normal values range from 5cm to 15cm. An abnormal rise in CVP followed by a fall after abdominal compression suggests a potential fluid overload or decreased heart function.

Hypokinetic means decreased heart muscle activity and reduced preload, leading to conditions like aortic stenosis.

Increased LV preload causes the left ventricle to enlarge and displace the heart apex inferolaterally. This can be a sign of volume overload or LV failure.

Tachypnea refers to an increased respiratory rate, also known as rapid breathing.

Stridor is a harsh, high-pitched breathing sound, often caused by airway obstruction.

A barrel chest is a condition where the chest expands outwards, giving a rounded appearance. It's often seen in chronic lung diseases.

Pectus excavatum is a condition where the breastbone is sunken into the chest, creating a funnel-shaped appearance.

Assessing chest expansion involves placing hands over the lower ribs and observing the movement during inhalation.

Fremitus is the vibration felt on the chest wall when a patient speaks. It helps assess the density of lung tissue.

Normal lung sounds are resonant, indicating clear air-filled lung tissue. You should hear breath sounds and normal fremitus.

Consolidated lung sounds are dull, indicating a denser lung tissue due to fluid or inflammation. There is increased fremitus.

Pulmonary edema creates dull lung sounds as fluid fills the alveoli. Increased fremitus indicates dense tissue.

Pleural effusion causes dullness due to fluid in the pleural space. Fremitus is decreased as fluid separates the lung from the chest wall.

Pneumothorax results in hyper-resonant sounds as air fills the pleural space, making the lung sound hollow. Fremitus is decreased.

Breath sounds range in pitch from highest (tracheal) to lowest (vesicular). Locations include the neck (tracheal), rarely heard areas (bronchial and bronchovesicular), and most of the chest (vesicular).