Pathophysiology Test 1 practice
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for an increase in cardiac size and function due to increased workload?

  • Inflammation
  • Functional
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy (correct)

    • When assessing a patient diagnosed with Marfan's Syndrome, what type of assessment should the nurse include?

  • Cardiac assessment for coarctation of the aorta (correct)
  • Mental assessment for impairment
  • Oral assessment for cleft palate
  • Genital assessment for small testicles

    • Which component is children with PKU advised to avoid in their diet?

  • Protein (correct)
  • Carbohydrate
  • Sugar
  • Fat

    • When a 17-year-old receives a vaccine against an organism causing meningitis, what type of prevention is this considered?

    <p>Primary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metaplasia involve?

    <p>The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Findings like a small square head, upward slant of the eyes, and low set ears are consistent with which condition in a fetus?

    <p>(Down Syndrome) Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should parents be informed about regarding the consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>Failure to treat properly results in progressive mental retardation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gangrene is usually a result of arterial occlusion?

    <p>Dry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal manifestation of a neoplastic disease?

    <p>Abnormal cell growth leading to tumor formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Break down particles or worn-out cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options defines a recessive gene?

    <p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury occurs when there is diminished blood flow to tissue?

    <p>Ischemic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiple myeloma, the malignancy primarily affects which type of cells?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Hodgkin's disease when compared to Non-Hodgkin's disease?

    <p>Reed-Sternberg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is most appropriate for a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who has a neutrophil count of 175?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The clinical presentation of a 52-year-old man with back pain, reduced bone density on X-rays, and elevated serum calcium levels is most consistent with which disease?

    <p>Multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicative symptom of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 3-year-old boy with prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and normal platelet count likely has a disorder affecting:

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely diagnosis for the 5-year-old male child with a bleeding disease characterized by areas of hemorrhage in joints and muscles after minor injuries?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome?

    <p>It is a frequent complication of pulmonary embolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neoplasm of blood cells known as?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does iron deficiency anemia exhibit in terms of red blood cells?

    <p>Microcytic, hypochromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cells deficit involves a decrease in all types of blood cells?

    <p>Pancytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary Ann presents with severe fatigue, swollen glands, and fever. Which blood test confirms infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a decrease in platelets referred to as?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complaints would indicate tissue hypoxia related to anemia in a patient with hemoglobin of 7.0 g/dL?

    <p><strong>Syncope</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over 80% of all lymphomas arise in which type of cells?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Epstein Barr (EB) virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is most likely to have a silent myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>A male diagnosed with diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical assessment finding for a patient at risk for hypovolemic shock?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition should you expect in a patient with severe chest pain, fever, elevated white blood count, and pericardial friction rub?

    <p>Pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test indicates worsening heart failure?

    <p>Elevated b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most likely to contribute to thrombus development?

    <p>Immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiovascular consequence can pericardial effusion cause in pericarditis?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cardiac enzymes rise after an acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Cardiac enzymes leak from the damaged muscle fibers into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cardiac valve abnormalities occurs most frequently in young women?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of death following cardiac tamponade?

    <p>Compression of the heart by the blood on the pericardial sac, which impairs filling in diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone primarily affects which of the following?

    <p>Salt and water metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina pectoris is usually a manifestation of which of the following?

    <p>Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with acute iron deficiency?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins decreases low density lipoprotein (LDL) and prevents its conversion to very low density lipoprotein (VDRL)?

    <p>High density lipoprotein (HDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with metabolic syndrome, which of the following criteria would NOT be part of the definition?

    <p>Systolic blood pressure &gt; 110 mm/Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal time from presentation to the hospital to opening of the artery (door to balloon time) in a patient with acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>90 minutes or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic heart disease?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On an EKG, which wave represents atrial depolarization?

    <p>P wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient is at most risk of developing left-sided heart failure?

    <p>64-year-old female with mitral valve stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by progressive cardiac hypertrophy, dilation, and impaired pumping with heart enlargement and thinning walls?

    <p>Dilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of valvular heart disease causes obstruction of the ejection of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

    <p>Mitral stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you suspect when a patient with a history of stable angina experiences an increase in the number of attacks and intensity of the pain?

    <p>The patient has developed unstable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient has the greatest risk of developing heart failure?

    <p>A 75-year-old white male who smokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation would be seen as a compensatory mechanism to the initial stage of shock?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient experiencing hypovolemic shock, which disorder poses the greatest risk?

    <p>Burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of cardiomyopathy is most likely to have caused sudden cardiac death in a 19-year old athlete?

    <p>Hypertrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modifiable risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with edema of the right lower extremity impairing ambulation, what condition is most likely based on the clinical findings?

    <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely be the cause of splinter hemorrhages, hematuria, and petechiae in an 80 y/o patient with an overwhelming systemic infection?

    <p>Infective endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

    <p>Asthma is a reversible disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measure?

    <p>How much air you can breathe out after a deep inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Legionnaire’s disease is accurate?

    <p>It causes a pulmonary infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding a young man with AIDS and active tuberculosis, which statement is NOT true?

    <p>He has active tuberculosis but is not infectious to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collapse of the lung due to air escaping into the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic sets asthma apart from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

    <p>Asthma involves bronchial inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication should the nurse suspect in a cystic fibrosis patient who presents with systemic edema, increased fatigue, and a weight gain of 6 pounds in the last 24 hours?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 12-year-old girl presenting with wheezing, prolonged expiration, and chest tightness unrelieved by usual treatment, the findings are most consistent with:

    <p>Status asthmaticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Inflammation leads to lung fibrosis and a loss of elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with decreased breath sounds over the left lobe and asymmetrical chest expansion, an increased collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is most likely indicative of:

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is a patient with congestive heart failure likely experiencing if there are decreased breath sounds over the left lobe and asymmetrical chest expansion?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient admitted for cystic fibrosis treatment develops systemic edema and weight gain. What complication should be ruled out based on these symptoms?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Air trapping in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is administering high concentrations of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia harmful?

    <p>High concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between epiglottitis and croup?

    <p>Epiglottitis leads to difficulty breathing while croup causes swelling of the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tuberculosis primarily spread?

    <p>By exposure to contaminated air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes lung compliance?

    <p>It is related to the ease of inflating the lungs or changing their volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom helps differentiate pleurisy from other conditions?

    <p>Pain that worsens with deep breaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with dyspnea, bright pink skin, and barrel chest appearance is exhibiting symptoms consistent with which disease?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves a genetic predisposition as a major risk factor?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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