Pathophysiology of Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the exocrine part of the pancreas?

To store excess glucose in the form of glycogen

To synthesize glucose for energy production

To secrete digestive juices into the duodenum (correct)

To secrete insulin into the bloodstream

What is the main physiological function of insulin?

To decrease blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown

To inhibit glucose absorption in the intestines

To increase blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis

To enhance glucose uptake by cells and promote glycogen synthesis (correct)

Which cell type in the Islets of Langerhans secretes glucagon?

D cells

B cells

C cells

A cells (correct)

Which factor predisposes to the development of diabetes mellitus?

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of insulin lack in the body?

Increased blood glucose levels and increased fat breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of insulin in relation to fat metabolism?

Promotes fat synthesis in the liver and storage of circulating fat in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of B cells in the context of insulin production?

Secrete insulin and are located in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin with respect to protein metabolism and growth?

Stimulates synthesis of macromolecules in tissues such as cartilage and bone Signup and view all the answers

What does insulin lack produce in terms of glucose utilization by body cells?

Hyperglycemia and decreased utilization of glucose by body cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Cause is autoimmune destruction of B-cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the Islets of Langerhans constitutes approximately 25% of all cells and secretes glucagon?

A cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of the pancreas occupied by the exocrine part?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of the pancreas occupied by the endocrine part (Islets of Langerhans)?

2% Signup and view all the answers

How many islets form about 2% of the pancreas?

1–2 million islets Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pancreas secretes digestive juices into the duodenum?

Pancreatic acini Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?

Inhibiting protein synthesis in liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in terms of fat metabolism?

Promoting the release of stored fat from adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in Islets of Langerhans secretes insulin?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What does insulin lack produce in terms of glucose utilization by body cells?

Hyperglycemia and decreased utilization of glucose by body cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pancreas Functions

Exocrine part of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum.
The pancreas is approximately 98% exocrine tissue and 2% endocrine tissue (Islets of Langerhans).

Insulin Physiology

Main physiological function of insulin is to lower blood glucose levels.
Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, especially muscle and adipose tissue, enhancing energy utilization.
In fat metabolism, insulin facilitates lipid storage, promoting fat synthesis while inhibiting breakdown.

Glucagon and Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels by stimulating liver production.
Alpha cells compose about 25% of the cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

Diabetes Mellitus

Predisposing factors for diabetes mellitus include obesity, genetics, and physical inactivity.
Lack of insulin results in reduced utilization of glucose by body cells, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance.

Insulin and Metabolism

Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans are responsible for insulin production.
Insulin promotes protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown, playing a critical role in growth and muscle development.
Insulin lack diminishes glucose uptake by cells, resulting in increased blood sugar levels and potential ketoacidosis.

Digestive Function

The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive juices that aid in the breakdown of food substances in the duodenum.

Insulin Functions

Functions of insulin include promoting glucose storage as glycogen, facilitating fat storage, and supporting protein synthesis.
A function that is NOT associated with insulin is increasing blood glucose levels; insulin primarily works to decrease it.

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Description

Learn about the histology of the pancreas, the physiological functions of insulin, normal glucose levels, control mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, diabetes mellitus, and the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.