Pathophysiology of Infections and Tissue Necrosis

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What are the most common and medically important causes of inflammation?

Foreign bodies and autoimmune diseases

Infections and microbial toxins (correct)

Environmental chemicals and physical injury

Tissue necrosis and immune reactions

What is the outcome of the interaction between the type of pathogen and the host response?

Is always fatal

Determines the type of inflammatory response (correct)

Always results in autoimmune disease

Always results in chronic inflammation

What can cause tissue necrosis?

Only bacterial infections

Only viral infections

Only microbial toxins

Ischemia, trauma, and physical and chemical injury (correct)

What can trigger inflammation?

Molecules released from necrotic cells Signup and view all the answers

What are autoimmune diseases often associated with?

Chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What induces autoimmune and allergic reactions?

Cytokines produced by T lymphocytes and other cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of acute inflammation?

Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, emigration of leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tissue damage in autoimmune diseases?

Misdirected inflammatory reaction against self tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of chronic inflammation?

Tissue destruction and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a systemic inflammatory reaction that causes widespread pathologic abnormalities?

Sepsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

Duration of the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of chronic inflammation?

Fibrosis and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for inflammation that arises in response to self antigens?

Autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common underlying mechanism of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophage scavenger receptors?

To recognize and bind to modified LDL particles and microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of opsonins in phagocytosis?

To enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosomal granule?

The formation of a phagolysosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in neutrophils?

To convert hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in macrophages?

To generate peroxynitrite, a highly reactive free radical Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme in neutrophils and macrophages?

To break down bacterial cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

To trap and concentrate antimicrobial substances at sites of infection Signup and view all the answers

Pathophysiology of Infections and Tissue Necrosis

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