Tuberculosis Pathophysiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following health conditions is NOT identified as an immunosuppressive risk factor for developing active tuberculosis (TB)?

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • HIV infection
  • Asthma (correct)
  • Chronic kidney disease

What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis (TB)?

  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Direct contact with an infected individual
  • Inhalation of airborne droplets (correct)
  • Contaminated food or water

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of tuberculosis (TB)?

  • It develops exclusively in individuals with no prior exposure to infections.
  • Infection occurs through the skin and is not linked to immune response.
  • It is primarily caused by respiratory allergies leading to lung inflammation.
  • It results from the inhalation of droplets, leading to a granuloma formation. (correct)

Which demographic factor is considered a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB)?

<p>Substance use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that increases the likelihood of latent TB progressing to active TB?

<p>Poor access to healthcare services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the immune system weakens due to external factors?

<p>The granuloma may break down, releasing bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary mode of transmission for tuberculosis?

<p>Airborne droplets from an infected person. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is at the highest risk for developing active TB?

<p>Older adults aged 65 years and older. (A), Young adults aged 25-34 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor increases the risk of tuberculosis transmission?

<p>Crowded living conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individual risk factors contributes to the progression from latent TB to active TB?

<p>Substance use and abuse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is reported to have the highest incidence of TB?

<p>Indigenous populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is considered to have high prevalence of tuberculosis, increasing the risk for recent immigrants?

<p>Southeast Asia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of close, prolonged exposure to an infected individual?

<p>Significantly increased risk of TB transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis?

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis survive within macrophages?

<p>By inhibiting lysosomal fusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of granuloma formation in TB infection?

<p>Isolation of the bacteria from the rest of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes latent TB infection (LTBI)?

<p>The infection remains dormant and contained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis occurs within a granuloma in TB infection?

<p>Caseous necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lungs is primarily affected during initial TB infection?

<p>Upper lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the granuloma formation process take?

<p>10 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contributes to its pathogenicity?

<p>Its thick, waxy cell wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

HIV and TB Risk

HIV infection weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off latent TB and increasing the risk of active TB.

Chronic Illness and TB

Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or cancer weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of latent TB becoming active TB.

Immunosuppressants and TB

Medications like corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and anti-TNF agents suppress the immune system, making it more likely for latent TB to reactivate.

Healthcare Access and TB

Lack of access to healthcare services like screening, treatment, and follow-up care increases the chance of latent TB progressing to active TB.

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TB Cause

TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacteria that thrives in the lungs.

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What causes TB?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus with a thick, waxy cell wall, resists destruction by immune cells.

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How does TB infection begin?

TB starts with inhaling airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which land in the lungs.

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How do TB bacteria resist macrophages?

TB bacteria can survive inside macrophages by preventing them from fusing with lysosomes, effectively escaping destruction.

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What are granulomas in TB?

The immune system forms granulomas (tubercles) to wall off the bacteria and prevent their spread. These granulomas contain necrotic tissue with a cheese-like appearance (caseation necrosis).

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What is latent TB infection?

In people with a healthy immune system, TB bacteria may be contained but not killed, leading to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). This dormant state can last for a person's lifetime.

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How is TB transmitted?

Inhaling airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria spread mainly through coughing, sneezing, or talking.

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Who is at higher risk of developing TB?

Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or certain medical conditions, are more susceptible to TB.

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Can TB affect other organs besides the lungs?

TB can affect the lungs but can also spread to other organs, such as the brain, kidneys, or bones.

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Active Tuberculosis

A weakened immune system (due to factors like HIV, malnutrition, or aging) can lead to the breakdown of granulomas, releasing dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This results in the progression from latent TB to active TB, where the bacteria spread within the lungs and potentially to other organs.

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Tuberculosis Transmission

Tuberculosis spreads through tiny droplets released when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These droplets remain suspended in the air for extended periods, making it easily transmissible, especially in enclosed spaces with poor ventilation.

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Crowded Living Conditions

Living in crowded conditions, like prisons, shelters, or overcrowded housing, increases the risk of TB transmission due to limited airflow and prolonged exposure to infected individuals.

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Homelessness

Individuals experiencing homelessness face a higher risk of TB due to crowded shelters and limited access to healthcare.

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Immigration from Endemic Areas

Migration from countries with high rates of tuberculosis, such as Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Western Pacific, increases the risk of contracting TB.

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Age and TB

The highest rates of active TB occur in individuals aged 25-34 and those aged 65 and older.

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Substance Use and TB

Drug and alcohol abuse weaken the immune system, making it more likely for latent TB to progress to active TB.

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Indigenous Populations and TB

Indigenous populations, like Inuit and First Nations, experience disproportionately higher rates of TB than the general population. For example, the incidence of TB is 135 per 100,000 in Inuit populations, significantly higher than in non-Indigenous counterparts.

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Study Notes

Tuberculosis (TB)

  • Highly contagious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Primarily affects the lungs, but can spread to other organs (extrapulmonary TB)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to destruction by immune cells like macrophages due to its thick, waxy cell wall.

Pathophysiology of TB

  • Inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to deposition in the upper lung lobes
  • Bacteria migrate to lymph nodes, phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils
  • Bacteria survive within macrophages, inhibiting lysosomal fusion; this allows for intracellular survival and infection persistence
  • Immune system responds by forming granulomas (tubercles) to isolate bacteria
  • Necrotic tissue formation (caseation necrosis) within the granuloma
  • Collagen deposition seals the bacteria within the granuloma (takes ~10 days)
  • In immunocompetent individuals, infection can remain dormant (latent TB infection)
  • Latent TB infection can persist lifelong

Latent TB Infection (LTBI)

  • Bacteria remain contained but not killed.
  • Can persist for the lifetime of the infected individual.

Active Tuberculosis

  • Weakened immune systems (e.g., due to HIV, malnutrition, aging) can cause granuloma breakdown, releasing bacteria, which can disseminate throughout lungs and other organs.

Transmission of TB

  • Spread via airborne droplets produced when infected individuals cough, sneeze, speak or sing.
  • Bacteria remain suspended in air, making transmission highly likely in crowded environments.
  • Prolonged exposure to an infected individual substantially increases transmission risk.

Risk Factors for TB

  • Environmental:*

  • Crowded living conditions (housing, prisons, shelters)

  • Homelessness

  • Immigration from high-prevalence regions (e.g., Southeast Asia, Africa, Western Pacific)

  • Individual:*

  • Age (25-34 and >65)

  • Substance use

  • Indigenous populations (disproportionately higher rates)

  • Immunosuppressive:*

  • HIV infection

  • Chronic illnesses (e.g., chronic kidney disease, diabetes, cancer)

  • Immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, chemotherapy, anti-TNF agents)

  • Poor access to healthcare

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RESPIRATORY - Tuberculosis - Midterm Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the pathophysiology of Tuberculosis (TB) and the mechanisms behind its infection and persistence. Dive into the details of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and understand how the immune system interacts with this pathogen.

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