Tissue Cestodes: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common mode of infection for Sparganosis?

Ingesting the procercoid in the first intermediate host (cyclops) when drinking contaminated water

Ingesting the plerocercoid in second intermediate hosts such as frogs

From poultices prepared from frogs infected with plerocercoids that are applied directly to ulcers, sores, and inflamed eyes

All of the above (correct)

What is the most common clinical manifestation of Sparganosis in the eye?

Conjunctivitis (correct)

Glaucoma

Retinal detachment

Periorbital edema

What is the most common treatment for Sparganosis?

Photocoagulation

Antibiotics

Surgical excision (correct)

Cryotherapy

What is the larval stage of Taenia Multiceps?

Coenurus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical manifestation of Sparganosis in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Meningitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common mode of transmission for Coenuriasis?

Consumption of contaminated meat Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective treatment for Coenuriasis?

Antiparasitic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive host for Taenia Multiceps?

Dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of adult-onset epilepsy worldwide?

Neurocysticercosis Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with neurocysticercosis?

Hydrocephalus Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is NOT typically used for diagnosing neurocysticercosis?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is used for symptomatic neurocysticercosis with seizures?

Anticonvulsant drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication due to the death of cysticerci in neurocysticercosis?

Basal arachnoiditis Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of neurocysticercosis, which medication is generally used?

Albendazole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom related to spinal cysticercosis?

Chronic meningitis Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is utilized to identify subcutaneous lesions in cysticercosis?

Biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cysticercosis in humans?

Ingesting tapeworm eggs from feces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship of humans in the life cycle of Taenia solium?

Humans are a dead end for the parasite Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT recognized as a zoonotic disease involving human cysts?

Ascariasis Signup and view all the answers

Which organs can be affected by hydatid disease?

Liver, spleen, and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What role do laboratory investigations play in managing tissue cystodes?

They help in the diagnosis and final confirmation of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of infection that can lead to cysticercosis in humans?

Consuming food contaminated with human feces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for tissue cestode infections?

Ingesting raw pork dishes Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind cyst development in cysticercosis?

Larvae penetrate host tissues after egg ingestion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Cestodes Overview

Tissue cestodes impact humans as accidental intermediate hosts, with notable infections including hydatid disease, cysticercosis, sparganosis, and coenuriasis.
Understanding epidemiological disease distribution is crucial, particularly in endemic regions such as Egypt.

Cysticercosis

Caused by larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, contracted via fecal-oral route.
Infection arises from ingesting contaminated human feces, not from consuming infected pork.
Humans can self-infect through poor hygiene practices (anus-hand-mouth).

Epidemiology

Neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of epilepsy and the most common parasitic brain infection globally.

Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms vary based on cysticerci’s size, number, and inflammatory response.
Neurocysticercosis symptoms include:
- Focal seizures with potential generalization.
- Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), dementia, and psychiatric disorders.
- Hydrocephalus, chronic meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and cerebral infarcts.
Ocular cysticercosis notable effects:
- Commonly affects the retina; can lead to retinal detachment and visceritis.
Muscular and subcutaneous cysticercosis manifestations:
- Develops as palpable nodules; may cause transient pain.

Diagnosis

Biopsy for subcutaneous lesions; radiological tests include plain X-rays, CT, and MRI.
Serology and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot can be utilized for diagnosis.

Differential Diagnosis

Distinguish cysticercosis from tuberculosis, neoplasms, hydatid cysts, and toxoplasmosis.

Treatment

Common treatments include praziquantel (50-75 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) or albendazole (15 mg/kg/day for 8-15 days).
Corticosteroids may be prescribed to manage neurologic symptoms during treatment.
Symptomatic neurocysticercosis could require anticonvulsants and surgical interventions for hydrocephalus.

Sparganosis

Caused by infection with spargana, second-stage larvae of Diphyllobothrium tapeworms.
Transmission occurs through contaminated water or infected hosts (frogs, poultices).

Clinical Manifestations of Sparganosis

Skin: Encapsulated nodules may develop abscesses.
Eyes: Symptoms include conjunctivitis and periorbital edema.
CNS: Possible brain abscesses, seizures, headaches, and cognitive issues.

Diagnosis and Treatment for Sparganosis

Diagnosis confirmed by extracting the intact parasite and using ELISA assays.
Treatment may involve surgical excision and praziquantel.

Coenuriasis

A zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage (coenurus) of Taenia multiceps.
Canines, particularly dogs, host the adult tapeworm in their intestines.
Gravid proglottids release eggs, which are passed in feces and can infect humans.

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Description

Learn about the distribution and mechanisms of tissue cestodes, including hydatid, cysticercosis, sparganosis, and coenuriosos infections, and their impact on human health.