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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of embolism?
What is the primary cause of embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a common source of an embolus?
Which of the following is NOT a common source of an embolus?
What determines the development and size of an infarct?
What determines the development and size of an infarct?
Which statement accurately describes an embolus?
Which statement accurately describes an embolus?
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Which mechanism is NOT classified as a cause for infarction?
Which mechanism is NOT classified as a cause for infarction?
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What is the process called when a thrombus accumulates more platelets and fibrin?
What is the process called when a thrombus accumulates more platelets and fibrin?
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Which type of thrombosis primarily affects veins of the lower extremity?
Which type of thrombosis primarily affects veins of the lower extremity?
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Which of the following is a serious condition that may result from deep venous thrombosis?
Which of the following is a serious condition that may result from deep venous thrombosis?
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What term describes tissue death due to decreased blood supply caused by an embolus?
What term describes tissue death due to decreased blood supply caused by an embolus?
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Which factor does NOT predispose individuals to deep venous thrombosis?
Which factor does NOT predispose individuals to deep venous thrombosis?
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In which state can marantic thrombosis occur?
In which state can marantic thrombosis occur?
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Which of the following correctly describes the fate of a thrombus categorized as dissolution?
Which of the following correctly describes the fate of a thrombus categorized as dissolution?
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What condition can be caused by turbulence and endothelial injury related to arterial thrombosis?
What condition can be caused by turbulence and endothelial injury related to arterial thrombosis?
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What characterizes hypermia?
What characterizes hypermia?
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What is the defining feature of congestion?
What is the defining feature of congestion?
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Which condition is classified as a hematoma?
Which condition is classified as a hematoma?
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What can lead to hypovolemic shock?
What can lead to hypovolemic shock?
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What is Virchow's triad related to?
What is Virchow's triad related to?
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What condition describes the passive accumulation of blood that can occur in cardiac failure?
What condition describes the passive accumulation of blood that can occur in cardiac failure?
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Which of the following increases the risk of thrombosis due to alterations in coagulation pathways?
Which of the following increases the risk of thrombosis due to alterations in coagulation pathways?
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What term describes minute hemorrhages occurring on the skin or mucosal membranes?
What term describes minute hemorrhages occurring on the skin or mucosal membranes?
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Flashcards
Embolus definition
Embolus definition
A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass carried by blood to distant sites.
Embolism cause (thrombus)
Embolism cause (thrombus)
99% of emboli are from a blood clot (thrombus), called thromboembolus.
Infarction definition
Infarction definition
Area of tissue death due to lack of blood flow (ischemia).
Infarction cause
Infarction cause
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Infarction factors
Infarction factors
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Hyperemia Definition
Hyperemia Definition
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Congestion Definition
Congestion Definition
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Hemorrhage Definition
Hemorrhage Definition
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Hematoma
Hematoma
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Thrombosis Definition
Thrombosis Definition
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Virchow's Triad
Virchow's Triad
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Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock
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Petechiae
Petechiae
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Thrombus fates
Thrombus fates
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Embolization
Embolization
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Infarction
Infarction
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Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
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Predisposing factors for DVT
Predisposing factors for DVT
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Marantic thrombosis
Marantic thrombosis
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Arterial thrombosis
Arterial thrombosis
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Consequences of arterial thrombosis
Consequences of arterial thrombosis
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Study Notes
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia and congestion are both local increases in blood volume in a tissue.
- Hyperemia is an active process from increased blood flow into a tissue due to arteriolar vasodilation. Example: exercising skeletal muscle or acute inflammation.
- Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow of blood from a tissue. This can occur systemically as in cardiac failure, or locally as in isolated venous obstruction.
Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood outside blood vessels.
- Causes include physical trauma (stabbing, injuries, accidents).
- Inadequacies in blood clotting can also cause hemorrhage. This can be due to:
- Insufficient or poorly functioning platelets.
- Missing or low levels of clotting factors (e.g., prothrombin, fibrinogen).
- Vitamin K deficiency, as vitamin K is crucial for clotting factor synthesis by the liver.
Terminology
- Hematoma: Blood enclosed within a tissue or cavity.
- Petechiae: Minute (1-2 mm) hemorrhages in skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.
- Purpura: Slightly larger (>3 mm) hemorrhages in the skin.
- Ecchymosis (bruises): Subcutaneous hematomas larger than 1-2 cm.
Effects of Hemorrhage
- Rapid loss of >20% of total blood volume can lead to hypovolemic shock and death.
- Chronic blood loss leads to anemia.
Thrombosis
- Thrombosis is the formation of a solid or semisolid mass from blood constituents within the vascular system.
Pathogenesis of Thrombosis (Virchow's Triad)
- Three main factors predispose to thrombus formation:
- Endothelial injury: Damage to the inner lining of blood vessels.
- Abnormal blood flow: Changes in blood flow patterns (e.g., slow flow, turbulence).
- Hypercoagulability: Increased tendency for blood clotting.
Hypercoagulability
- Hypercoagulability is an alteration in coagulation pathways that increases the risk of thrombosis.
- It can be:
- Primary (genetic) or
- Secondary (acquired).
Fates of a Thrombus
- Propagation: Thrombus grows larger, obstructing the vessel.
- Embolization: Thrombus breaks off and travels to another location (embolus). This can lead to an infarction (tissue death due to obstructed blood supply/drainage).
- Dissolution: Thrombus is broken down by fibrinolytic activity
- Organization and recanalization: Thrombus is broken down and re-opened.
Venous Thrombosis
- Venous thrombosis commonly occurs in lower extremity veins (90% of cases).
- Superficial venous thrombosis usually affects superficial veins with varicosities, rarely embolizes.
- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is more serious, commonly in deep veins within calf muscles, often embolizes.
- Risk factors include:
- reduced physical activity,
- trauma, surgery, burns,
- Pregnancy/puerperal periods,
- malnutrition, and
- certain conditions such as cancer.
- Inflammation of a vein (phlebitis) can also contribute.
- Migratory thrombophlebitis affects multiple veins, often associated with cancer, particularly pancreatic cancer
Arterial Thrombosis
- Arterial thrombi occur due to turbulence and endothelial damage.
- These thrombi can block arteries like coronary or cerebral arteries, causing myocardial infarction (MI) or cerebral infarction.
- Artery blockage can be caused by infection (endocarditis), abnormal heart rhythms (fibrillation), or myocardial infarction
Embolism
- An embolus is a mass (solid, liquid, or gas) that travels through blood vessels to a distant site, where it can block blood flow.
- Embolism is frequently caused by a detached thrombus (thromboembolism). Other causes include:
- Platelet aggregates,
- Atheromatous plaque fragments,
- Tumor fragments,
- Fat globules,
- Air bubbles,
- Amniotic fluid,
- Infected foreign material, or
- Bone marrow bits.
Infarction
- Infarction is tissue death caused by an occlusion (blockage) of the arterial or venous blood supply. Almost all infarcts are arterial in origin
- The size and development of an infarct depend on:
- The vascular system
- Rate of the blockage
- Susceptibility to hypoxia
- Oxygen levels in blood
- Duration of ischemia.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage within the context of pathological processes. You will learn about the differences between active and passive blood volume changes in tissues and the mechanisms behind hemorrhage. Test your knowledge on related terminology and clinical implications.
