Podcast
Questions and Answers
Active hyperaemia generally occurs when there is a demand for ______ and nutrients.
Active hyperaemia generally occurs when there is a demand for ______ and nutrients.
oxygen
Chronic active hyperaemia does not ______.
Chronic active hyperaemia does not ______.
occur
Increased blood throughout the body is known as ______ general active hyperaemia.
Increased blood throughout the body is known as ______ general active hyperaemia.
acute
Bright red color of organs is a ______ finding in acute active hyperaemia.
Bright red color of organs is a ______ finding in acute active hyperaemia.
Signup and view all the answers
Acute local active hyperaemia occurs in a ______ area like the leg or lung.
Acute local active hyperaemia occurs in a ______ area like the leg or lung.
Signup and view all the answers
Passive hyperaemia is characterized by increased blood in the ______ end due to improper drainage.
Passive hyperaemia is characterized by increased blood in the ______ end due to improper drainage.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic venous congestion is more common in the ______.
Chronic venous congestion is more common in the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Acute general passive hyperaemia is caused by a sudden obstruction to the flow of blood in the heart and ______.
Acute general passive hyperaemia is caused by a sudden obstruction to the flow of blood in the heart and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
In acute general passive hyperaemia, the organs appear ______ in color due to unoxygenated blood.
In acute general passive hyperaemia, the organs appear ______ in color due to unoxygenated blood.
Signup and view all the answers
Severe causes of acute general passive hyperaemia can lead to ______.
Severe causes of acute general passive hyperaemia can lead to ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic general passive hyperaemia leads to permanent changes such as ______ and atrophy.
Chronic general passive hyperaemia leads to permanent changes such as ______ and atrophy.
Signup and view all the answers
Heart ______ such as stenosis of valvular openings contribute to chronic general passive hyperaemia.
Heart ______ such as stenosis of valvular openings contribute to chronic general passive hyperaemia.
Signup and view all the answers
Valvular insufficiency occurs when the cusps of valves fail to close ______.
Valvular insufficiency occurs when the cusps of valves fail to close ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Degeneration and necrosis of muscles are associated with myocardial ______.
Degeneration and necrosis of muscles are associated with myocardial ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Anomalies of the heart such as persistent foramen orale can lead to blood ______ in the venous side.
Anomalies of the heart such as persistent foramen orale can lead to blood ______ in the venous side.
Signup and view all the answers
In chronic general passive hyperaemia, blood accumulates primarily in the ______ end.
In chronic general passive hyperaemia, blood accumulates primarily in the ______ end.
Signup and view all the answers
Arterial thrombi are commonly found in domestic animals such as horses, dogs, and ______.
Arterial thrombi are commonly found in domestic animals such as horses, dogs, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Venous thrombi, also known as phlebothrombosis, are commonly seen in ______ patients.
Venous thrombi, also known as phlebothrombosis, are commonly seen in ______ patients.
Signup and view all the answers
Mural thrombi are attached to the wall of the ______ or blood vessel.
Mural thrombi are attached to the wall of the ______ or blood vessel.
Signup and view all the answers
Pale or white thrombi are composed of ______ and are often seen in the heart or aorta.
Pale or white thrombi are composed of ______ and are often seen in the heart or aorta.
Signup and view all the answers
Capillary thrombi are often seen in cases of ______.
Capillary thrombi are often seen in cases of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Haemorrhage by ______: When there is rupture of a blood vessel.
Haemorrhage by ______: When there is rupture of a blood vessel.
Signup and view all the answers
Cardiac muscle becomes degenerated as it works in ______ condition.
Cardiac muscle becomes degenerated as it works in ______ condition.
Signup and view all the answers
Haemorrhage by ______: When blood leaves through intact blood vessels.
Haemorrhage by ______: When blood leaves through intact blood vessels.
Signup and view all the answers
The hypertrophied heart slowly ______ and draws valves downwards.
The hypertrophied heart slowly ______ and draws valves downwards.
Signup and view all the answers
Chronic venous congestion develops due to increased capillary blood ______.
Chronic venous congestion develops due to increased capillary blood ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the ______.
Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Haematemesis indicates blood in ______.
Haematemesis indicates blood in ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Formation of clotted mass of blood within the cardiovascular system is known as ______.
Formation of clotted mass of blood within the cardiovascular system is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Petechiae are described as ______; pinpoint.
Petechiae are described as ______; pinpoint.
Signup and view all the answers
The singular term for a clotted mass is a ______.
The singular term for a clotted mass is a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Purpura lesions are approximately ______ in size.
Purpura lesions are approximately ______ in size.
Signup and view all the answers
A blood clot primarily involves the ______ system.
A blood clot primarily involves the ______ system.
Signup and view all the answers
Conditions affecting blood vessels can include trauma, lacerations, and ______.
Conditions affecting blood vessels can include trauma, lacerations, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Increased ______ can lead to the development of edema at high altitude.
Increased ______ can lead to the development of edema at high altitude.
Signup and view all the answers
Thrombus formation can occur due to injury to the ______.
Thrombus formation can occur due to injury to the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Bleeding from the uterus is referred to as ______.
Bleeding from the uterus is referred to as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The prognosis of a thrombus is typically life ______.
The prognosis of a thrombus is typically life ______.
Signup and view all the answers
An ______ is when blood accumulates in the thoracic cavity.
An ______ is when blood accumulates in the thoracic cavity.
Signup and view all the answers
Viruses like hog cholera virus can cause injury to the ______.
Viruses like hog cholera virus can cause injury to the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Aneurysm is a condition affecting a ______.
Aneurysm is a condition affecting a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 Course Overview
- The subject links anatomy, physiology, biochemistry of livestock and poultry to clinical subjects.
- It enhances disease understanding, aids diagnosis, and helps decide treatments.
- Fundamentals of disease processes are crucial before specific pathology
- The course introduces diseases' causes, cell injuries, inflammation, healing, and animal death.
- Covers somatic/death, post-mortem changes, and disturbances in growth (e.g., aplasia, hyperplasia).
- The course explains immune system function and its role in disease, including autoimmune diseases
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 1: Introduction and Scope
- Veterinary pathology aims to train competent veterinarians to diagnose livestock and poultry diseases.
- Pathology links basic (anatomy, histology, embryology, biochemistry) to applied clinical subjects (medicine, surgery).
- Learning different terminologies is essential, providing a gateway to understanding disease processes.
- Health is the normal state of body and mind, with all parts functioning correctly.
- Disease is any deviation from health.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 2: Aetiology
- Aetiology is the study of disease causes.
- Causes are categorized as predisposing and definitive causes. Definitive are the direct agents of disease.
- Physical, chemical, biological causes are examples of definitive causes.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 3: Haemodynamic Derangements-1
- Hyperaemia is increased blood volume in tissue or part. Active (increased blood flow in arteries) and passive (impaired venous drainage) are types.
- Congestion (passive hyperaemia) is blood stasis in veins.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 4: Haemodynamic Derangements-2
- Thrombosis occurs when clots form within blood vessels.
- Blood clots differ from thrombi (intravascular clots) in composition and prognosis
- Thrombosis is a life-threatening condition if not caught early
- Infarction, a localized area of cell death due to blood blockage, is a potentially serious consequence of thrombosis.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 5: Cell Swellings, Glycogenesis, Fatty Changes, HSP, LSD
- Acute cell swelling occurs with failing ionic homeostasis, cells will appear abnormally swollen.
- Hydropic degeneration causes cells to swell excessively. Causes include chemical and physical irritation..
- Mucinous degeneration (excess mucin accumulation) typically occurs in epithelium that is injured.
- Hyaline change describes a homogeneous and glassy appearance. Often encountered in chronically injured tissues.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 6: Cell Injury and Necrosis
- Necrosis is cell death in a living tissue; this results from external or internal factors leading to cellular damage.
- Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat Necrosis are important types of tissue necrosis.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 7: Postmortem Changes and Gangrene
- Postmortem autolysis occurs after death; it's due to autolytic enzymes breaking down cells.
- Putrefaction is decomposition by saprophytic organisms.
- Gangrene results from hypoxia
- Gangrene is classified as dry, wet, or gas gangrene.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 8: Pigmentations
- Pigments are colored substances that can stain or discolor tissues
- Exogenous pigment (e.g., tattoos) are external; they are absorbed into the body through the lungs, alimentary tract or the skin. These can be in the form of coal, dust, fibers etc...
- Endogenous pigment (e.g., melanin) originates within the body; these are the result of metabolic reactions inside the body such as melanin or haemosiderin
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 9: Cell Injury and Necrosis (Calcification)
- Calcification is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues such as in kidneys or lungs. This can occur in response to hypercalcemia i.e. elevated blood calcium levels or dystrophic calcification where it occurs in diseased tissues even with normal blood calcium levels.
- Jaundice is the yellowing of tissues due to bilirubin (byproduct of red blood cell degeneration).
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 10: Photosensitization and Growth Disturbances
- Photosensitisation is activation of chemicals on the skin by UV or light, causing damage and inflammation.
- Growth disturbances include aplasia (lack of development), hypoplasia (incomplete development), atrophy (decrease in size), hyperplasia (increase in number), hypertrophy (increase in size), and metaplasia (one cell type replacing another)
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 11: Inflammation-I
- Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized tissues to injury caused by microbes or tissue damage.
- Cardinal signs: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
- Vascular changes in response to inflammation: initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels allowing fluid and proteins to leak into surrounding tissues, increase blood flow
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 12: Inflammation-II
- Chemical mediators are substances produced by cells to regulate processes in inflammation. Sources include: cellular, liver-derived plasma mediators.
- Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins), derived from arachidonic acid, are critically important in mediating inflammation's effects. These can cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, increased permeability, pain, and fever.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 13: Inflammation-III
- Cells involved in inflammation: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells have different roles.
- Chronic inflammation involves more mononuclear cells (like macrophages and lymphocytes), less vascular reaction while it has a longer duration, tissue damage, and/or repair processes happening.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 14: Cell Cycle, Cyclins, Growth Factors, and Healing
- Cell cycle has different phases (G1, S, G2, M), which are regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and are critical for cell division and growth.
- Growth factors stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation; these play an essential role in healing processes.
- Wound healing by regeneration or substitution depends on the proliferation potential of the cells involved
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 15: Photosensitization and Growth Disturbances (Autoimmune Diseases)
- Autoimmune diseases are a result of the body attacking its own tissues.
- Thyroiditis and haemolytic anaemia are examples in animals.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 16: Neoplasia-I
- A neoplasm is new growth of cells; it can either be benign or malignant.
- Classifications of neoplasms are based on the cell of origin and behavioral pattern.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 17: Neoplasia-II
- Neoplasm spread involves invasion of surrounding tissue, and metastasis to distant sites via circulatory or lymphatic systems.
- Tumour spread mechanisms include infiltration, lymphatic, and hematogenous routes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the concepts of active and passive hyperaemia, including their characteristics and effects on the body. Test your knowledge on the physiological and pathological aspects of blood flow and congestion. Understand the distinctions between acute and chronic conditions as related to hyperaemia.
