Podcast
Questions and Answers
Active hyperaemia generally occurs when there is a demand for ______ and nutrients.
Active hyperaemia generally occurs when there is a demand for ______ and nutrients.
oxygen
Chronic active hyperaemia does not ______.
Chronic active hyperaemia does not ______.
occur
Increased blood throughout the body is known as ______ general active hyperaemia.
Increased blood throughout the body is known as ______ general active hyperaemia.
acute
Bright red color of organs is a ______ finding in acute active hyperaemia.
Bright red color of organs is a ______ finding in acute active hyperaemia.
Acute local active hyperaemia occurs in a ______ area like the leg or lung.
Acute local active hyperaemia occurs in a ______ area like the leg or lung.
Passive hyperaemia is characterized by increased blood in the ______ end due to improper drainage.
Passive hyperaemia is characterized by increased blood in the ______ end due to improper drainage.
Chronic venous congestion is more common in the ______.
Chronic venous congestion is more common in the ______.
Acute general passive hyperaemia is caused by a sudden obstruction to the flow of blood in the heart and ______.
Acute general passive hyperaemia is caused by a sudden obstruction to the flow of blood in the heart and ______.
In acute general passive hyperaemia, the organs appear ______ in color due to unoxygenated blood.
In acute general passive hyperaemia, the organs appear ______ in color due to unoxygenated blood.
Severe causes of acute general passive hyperaemia can lead to ______.
Severe causes of acute general passive hyperaemia can lead to ______.
Chronic general passive hyperaemia leads to permanent changes such as ______ and atrophy.
Chronic general passive hyperaemia leads to permanent changes such as ______ and atrophy.
Heart ______ such as stenosis of valvular openings contribute to chronic general passive hyperaemia.
Heart ______ such as stenosis of valvular openings contribute to chronic general passive hyperaemia.
Valvular insufficiency occurs when the cusps of valves fail to close ______.
Valvular insufficiency occurs when the cusps of valves fail to close ______.
Degeneration and necrosis of muscles are associated with myocardial ______.
Degeneration and necrosis of muscles are associated with myocardial ______.
Anomalies of the heart such as persistent foramen orale can lead to blood ______ in the venous side.
Anomalies of the heart such as persistent foramen orale can lead to blood ______ in the venous side.
In chronic general passive hyperaemia, blood accumulates primarily in the ______ end.
In chronic general passive hyperaemia, blood accumulates primarily in the ______ end.
Arterial thrombi are commonly found in domestic animals such as horses, dogs, and ______.
Arterial thrombi are commonly found in domestic animals such as horses, dogs, and ______.
Venous thrombi, also known as phlebothrombosis, are commonly seen in ______ patients.
Venous thrombi, also known as phlebothrombosis, are commonly seen in ______ patients.
Mural thrombi are attached to the wall of the ______ or blood vessel.
Mural thrombi are attached to the wall of the ______ or blood vessel.
Pale or white thrombi are composed of ______ and are often seen in the heart or aorta.
Pale or white thrombi are composed of ______ and are often seen in the heart or aorta.
Capillary thrombi are often seen in cases of ______.
Capillary thrombi are often seen in cases of ______.
Haemorrhage by ______: When there is rupture of a blood vessel.
Haemorrhage by ______: When there is rupture of a blood vessel.
Cardiac muscle becomes degenerated as it works in ______ condition.
Cardiac muscle becomes degenerated as it works in ______ condition.
Haemorrhage by ______: When blood leaves through intact blood vessels.
Haemorrhage by ______: When blood leaves through intact blood vessels.
The hypertrophied heart slowly ______ and draws valves downwards.
The hypertrophied heart slowly ______ and draws valves downwards.
Chronic venous congestion develops due to increased capillary blood ______.
Chronic venous congestion develops due to increased capillary blood ______.
Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the ______.
Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the ______.
Haematemesis indicates blood in ______.
Haematemesis indicates blood in ______.
Formation of clotted mass of blood within the cardiovascular system is known as ______.
Formation of clotted mass of blood within the cardiovascular system is known as ______.
Petechiae are described as ______; pinpoint.
Petechiae are described as ______; pinpoint.
The singular term for a clotted mass is a ______.
The singular term for a clotted mass is a ______.
Purpura lesions are approximately ______ in size.
Purpura lesions are approximately ______ in size.
A blood clot primarily involves the ______ system.
A blood clot primarily involves the ______ system.
Conditions affecting blood vessels can include trauma, lacerations, and ______.
Conditions affecting blood vessels can include trauma, lacerations, and ______.
Increased ______ can lead to the development of edema at high altitude.
Increased ______ can lead to the development of edema at high altitude.
Thrombus formation can occur due to injury to the ______.
Thrombus formation can occur due to injury to the ______.
Bleeding from the uterus is referred to as ______.
Bleeding from the uterus is referred to as ______.
The prognosis of a thrombus is typically life ______.
The prognosis of a thrombus is typically life ______.
An ______ is when blood accumulates in the thoracic cavity.
An ______ is when blood accumulates in the thoracic cavity.
Viruses like hog cholera virus can cause injury to the ______.
Viruses like hog cholera virus can cause injury to the ______.
Aneurysm is a condition affecting a ______.
Aneurysm is a condition affecting a ______.
Flashcards
Active Hyperaemia
Active Hyperaemia
Increased blood flow in the arteries, often caused by inflammation. This is always acute; a chronic form doesn't exist.
Acute General Active Hyperaemia
Acute General Active Hyperaemia
Active hyperaemia affecting the whole body, often caused by diseases like Pasteurellosis or erysipelas. The heart beats faster to deliver more blood.
Acute Local Active Hyperaemia
Acute Local Active Hyperaemia
Active hyperaemia focused on a specific area, like a leg, stomach, or lung. This commonly occurs during physiological responses.
Blushing
Blushing
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Passive Hyperaemia or Congestion
Passive Hyperaemia or Congestion
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Brain Congestion
Brain Congestion
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General Passive Hyperaemia
General Passive Hyperaemia
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Passive Hyperemia
Passive Hyperemia
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What causes Acute General Passive Hyperemia?
What causes Acute General Passive Hyperemia?
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What is Myocardial Infarction?
What is Myocardial Infarction?
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What is Pneumonia?
What is Pneumonia?
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What is Chronic General Passive Hyperemia?
What is Chronic General Passive Hyperemia?
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What is Valvular Stenosis?
What is Valvular Stenosis?
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What is Valvular Insufficiency?
What is Valvular Insufficiency?
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What is Myocardial Failure?
What is Myocardial Failure?
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What is Persistent Foramen Ovale?
What is Persistent Foramen Ovale?
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Haemorrhage
Haemorrhage
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Haemorrhage by rhexis
Haemorrhage by rhexis
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Haemorrhage by diapedesis
Haemorrhage by diapedesis
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Epistaxis
Epistaxis
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Haematemesis
Haematemesis
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Haemoptysis
Haemoptysis
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Haematuria
Haematuria
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Haemothorax
Haemothorax
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Haematocoel
Haematocoel
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Apoplexy
Apoplexy
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Arterial thrombi
Arterial thrombi
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Venous thrombi
Venous thrombi
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Capillary thrombi
Capillary thrombi
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Lymphatic thrombi
Lymphatic thrombi
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Saddle thrombi
Saddle thrombi
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Cardiac muscle degeneration in hypoxia
Cardiac muscle degeneration in hypoxia
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Oedema (Swelling) at High Altitude
Oedema (Swelling) at High Altitude
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Thrombosis
Thrombosis
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Thrombus
Thrombus
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Blood Clot (Coagulation)
Blood Clot (Coagulation)
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Injury to Endothelium
Injury to Endothelium
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Toxins and Thrombosis
Toxins and Thrombosis
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Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
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Normal blood clotting cascade
Normal blood clotting cascade
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Embolus (Singular)
Embolus (Singular)
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Study Notes
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 Course Overview
- The subject links anatomy, physiology, biochemistry of livestock and poultry to clinical subjects.
- It enhances disease understanding, aids diagnosis, and helps decide treatments.
- Fundamentals of disease processes are crucial before specific pathology
- The course introduces diseases' causes, cell injuries, inflammation, healing, and animal death.
- Covers somatic/death, post-mortem changes, and disturbances in growth (e.g., aplasia, hyperplasia).
- The course explains immune system function and its role in disease, including autoimmune diseases
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 1: Introduction and Scope
- Veterinary pathology aims to train competent veterinarians to diagnose livestock and poultry diseases.
- Pathology links basic (anatomy, histology, embryology, biochemistry) to applied clinical subjects (medicine, surgery).
- Learning different terminologies is essential, providing a gateway to understanding disease processes.
- Health is the normal state of body and mind, with all parts functioning correctly.
- Disease is any deviation from health.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 2: Aetiology
- Aetiology is the study of disease causes.
- Causes are categorized as predisposing and definitive causes. Definitive are the direct agents of disease.
- Physical, chemical, biological causes are examples of definitive causes.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 3: Haemodynamic Derangements-1
- Hyperaemia is increased blood volume in tissue or part. Active (increased blood flow in arteries) and passive (impaired venous drainage) are types.
- Congestion (passive hyperaemia) is blood stasis in veins.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 4: Haemodynamic Derangements-2
- Thrombosis occurs when clots form within blood vessels.
- Blood clots differ from thrombi (intravascular clots) in composition and prognosis
- Thrombosis is a life-threatening condition if not caught early
- Infarction, a localized area of cell death due to blood blockage, is a potentially serious consequence of thrombosis.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 5: Cell Swellings, Glycogenesis, Fatty Changes, HSP, LSD
- Acute cell swelling occurs with failing ionic homeostasis, cells will appear abnormally swollen.
- Hydropic degeneration causes cells to swell excessively. Causes include chemical and physical irritation..
- Mucinous degeneration (excess mucin accumulation) typically occurs in epithelium that is injured.
- Hyaline change describes a homogeneous and glassy appearance. Often encountered in chronically injured tissues.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 6: Cell Injury and Necrosis
- Necrosis is cell death in a living tissue; this results from external or internal factors leading to cellular damage.
- Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat Necrosis are important types of tissue necrosis.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 7: Postmortem Changes and Gangrene
- Postmortem autolysis occurs after death; it's due to autolytic enzymes breaking down cells.
- Putrefaction is decomposition by saprophytic organisms.
- Gangrene results from hypoxia
- Gangrene is classified as dry, wet, or gas gangrene.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 8: Pigmentations
- Pigments are colored substances that can stain or discolor tissues
- Exogenous pigment (e.g., tattoos) are external; they are absorbed into the body through the lungs, alimentary tract or the skin. These can be in the form of coal, dust, fibers etc...
- Endogenous pigment (e.g., melanin) originates within the body; these are the result of metabolic reactions inside the body such as melanin or haemosiderin
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 9: Cell Injury and Necrosis (Calcification)
- Calcification is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues such as in kidneys or lungs. This can occur in response to hypercalcemia i.e. elevated blood calcium levels or dystrophic calcification where it occurs in diseased tissues even with normal blood calcium levels.
- Jaundice is the yellowing of tissues due to bilirubin (byproduct of red blood cell degeneration).
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 10: Photosensitization and Growth Disturbances
- Photosensitisation is activation of chemicals on the skin by UV or light, causing damage and inflammation.
- Growth disturbances include aplasia (lack of development), hypoplasia (incomplete development), atrophy (decrease in size), hyperplasia (increase in number), hypertrophy (increase in size), and metaplasia (one cell type replacing another)
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 11: Inflammation-I
- Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized tissues to injury caused by microbes or tissue damage.
- Cardinal signs: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
- Vascular changes in response to inflammation: initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels allowing fluid and proteins to leak into surrounding tissues, increase blood flow
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 12: Inflammation-II
- Chemical mediators are substances produced by cells to regulate processes in inflammation. Sources include: cellular, liver-derived plasma mediators.
- Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins), derived from arachidonic acid, are critically important in mediating inflammation's effects. These can cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, increased permeability, pain, and fever.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 13: Inflammation-III
- Cells involved in inflammation: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells have different roles.
- Chronic inflammation involves more mononuclear cells (like macrophages and lymphocytes), less vascular reaction while it has a longer duration, tissue damage, and/or repair processes happening.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 14: Cell Cycle, Cyclins, Growth Factors, and Healing
- Cell cycle has different phases (G1, S, G2, M), which are regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and are critical for cell division and growth.
- Growth factors stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation; these play an essential role in healing processes.
- Wound healing by regeneration or substitution depends on the proliferation potential of the cells involved
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 15: Photosensitization and Growth Disturbances (Autoimmune Diseases)
- Autoimmune diseases are a result of the body attacking its own tissues.
- Thyroiditis and haemolytic anaemia are examples in animals.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 16: Neoplasia-I
- A neoplasm is new growth of cells; it can either be benign or malignant.
- Classifications of neoplasms are based on the cell of origin and behavioral pattern.
General Veterinary Pathology VPP-211 - Module 17: Neoplasia-II
- Neoplasm spread involves invasion of surrounding tissue, and metastasis to distant sites via circulatory or lymphatic systems.
- Tumour spread mechanisms include infiltration, lymphatic, and hematogenous routes.
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