Pathophysiology Exam 3 Review

The normal pH range for human blood, essential for proper cell function. If it goes out of range, cells and tissues can malfunction and die.

The process that transforms a normal cell into a cancerous cell through multiple steps involving genetic mutations and changes in cell behavior.

The basic unit of kidney function, responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing useful substances, and excreting waste products.

A type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues, usually in the bone marrow.

The process by which a cell becomes specialized, taking on a unique function and structure.

A change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to abnormal cell behavior and potentially cancer development.

The process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body from the original tumor.

Factors or substances that increase the risk of cancer development.

The uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells, forming a mass or tumor. It can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

The process by which cancer cells induce the formation of new blood vessels to supply them with nutrients and oxygen, enabling their growth and spread.

The body's response to injury or stress, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.

The process by which damaged tissues are repaired, restoring structure and function.

The body's defense system against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, involving a complex network of cells and proteins.

The process by which pathogens enter the body and cause illness. This includes the mechanisms of pathogen entry, spread, and multiplication.

The study of how diseases affect the body and its functions.

Cells' response to stress can vary depending on the type of stress and the cell's ability to adapt. Common responses include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.

The body's ability to adapt to stress within certain limits. Beyond these limits, the body may experience injury or disease.

The complex process by which the body's various systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

When the body's normal functions are disrupted, leading to signs and symptoms of illness. Understanding this helps us diagnose and treat diseases.

A specific example of a disease or condition that we learn about in class. It helps us understand the underlying pathophysiology and apply it to real-life scenarios.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body cannot produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells become less responsive to insulin. The pancreas may initially produce more insulin to compensate. However, over time, the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that make cells less sensitive to insulin, potentially leading to high blood sugar levels. Usually resolves after delivery, but increases risk of type 2 diabetes later.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces ketones as a fuel source due to insufficient insulin. This leads to acidic blood, potentially life-threatening.

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNK) is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels without the presence of ketones. Dehydration is common, potentially leading to coma.

Somogyi effect refers to a rebound rise in blood sugar in the morning following a period of low blood sugar during the night (hypoglycemia). This happens when the body releases hormones, like glucagon, to counter the low sugar, leading to a spike.

Dawn phenomenon is a natural rise in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours due to hormonal changes that occur during sleep. This is normal, but in diabetes, it might need additional insulin adjustment.

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is a potentially dangerous condition that can occur in people with diabetes when blood sugar levels fall too low. It can cause symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and even seizures or coma if untreated.

Diverticular disease refers to the formation of small pouches (diverticula) in the wall of the colon. Diverticulosis is the presence of these pouches without inflammation, whereas diverticulitis involves inflammation or infection of these pouches.

Urolithiasis refers to the formation of kidney stones, which are hard deposits that can form in the kidneys and pass into the urinary tract. It can cause excruciating pain during passage.