Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

_____________________________ can be defined as the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.

Pathophysiology

Which of the following is an example of a symptom?

  • Headache (correct)
  • Vomiting
  • Bruise
  • Observing enlarged lymph nodes

    • Most diseases are multifactorial.

    True

    What is the definition of etiology?

    <p>Etiology is the study of the cause or origin of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signs can be defined as a subjective clinical manifestation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Exacerbation = A period of worsening symptoms Remission = A period where symptoms decrease or disappear Convalescence = The recovery phase after illness Sequela = A condition resulting from a previous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every individual exposed in a population will contract the disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the prodromal period of an illness?

    <p>The prodromal period refers to the time when initial signs or symptoms appear but are not yet specific to the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor markers are associated with prostate cancer and ovarian cancer?

    <p>PSA and CA-125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grading refers to the histologic characterization of tumor cells, while staging is concerned with the location and spread patterns within the host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do B cells play in the immune response?

    <p>B cells are responsible for producing antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes mature into ______.

    <p>macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their primary functions:

    <p>T cells = Cell-mediated immunity B cells = Antibody production Macrophages = Phagocytosis Dendritic cells = Antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammatory cytokines do not lead to the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow during bacterial infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic inflammation may promote healing and reduce fibrosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of autosomal aneuploidy?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Males always express the disease for a sex-linked (X-linked) disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of a sex chromosome aneuploidy?

    <p>Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer is the __________ leading cause of death in the U.S.

    <p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the syndrome with its corresponding description:

    <p>Cri du Chat Syndrome = A deletion of part of chromosome 5 Marfan Syndrome = Connective tissue disorder caused by a mutation in fibrillin-1 Huntington Disease = A neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic mutation Trisomy 18 = Also known as Edwards syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced on exposure to antigens?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II hypersensitivity is known as tissue-specific.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology of malignant tumors?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell division and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five classes of immunoglobulins?

    <p>IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suffix 'oma' typically indicates malignant tumors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two groups that cancer-critical genes are classified into.

    <p>Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypersensitivity is divided into ________ types.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immunoglobulins with their functions:

    <p>IgA = Mucosal immunity IgE = Allergic responses IgG = Opsonization and neutralization IgM = Initial immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary category of immune disorders caused by inappropriate immune responses?

    <p>Autoimmune disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective IgA deficiency is an example of a T cell disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is persistent asthma an example of?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'pathogenesis'?

    <p>Development of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The latent period is the time when first symptoms of a disease appear.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'exacerbation' mean?

    <p>A sudden increase in severity of disease or symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of injury that is irreversible is known as __________.

    <p>cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Atrophy = Decreased cell size Hypertrophy = Increased cell size Hyperplasia = Increased cell number Metaplasia = Conversion of one cell type to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do positive and negative predictive values indicate in diagnostic testing?

    <p>The likelihood of a disease being present or absent based on test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An epidemic refers to a disease that spreads to many at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two risk factors that can contribute to a multifactorial disease.

    <p>Genetic predisposition, diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pathophysiology 1

    • Pathophysiology studies abnormalities in physiological functions, revealing the body's responses to environmental disruptions.
    • Key factors affecting individual disease presentation include health structure and function.
    • Four topics in pathophysiology: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Treatment implications.
    • Most diseases are multifactorial, influenced by various risk factors.
    • Iatrogenic causes result from medical treatment, exemplified by chemotherapy-induced hair loss.
    • Not every exposed individual contracts a disease, indicating variable susceptibility.
    • The immune system is an intercellular communication network.
    • Pathogenesis refers to disease evolution from initial stimulus to manifestation.
    • Etiology classifies disease causes as idiopathic (unknown) or iatrogenic (treatment-related).

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Signs are objective clinical manifestations; symptoms are subjective.
    • Example of a symptom: headache; observable signs include enlarged lymph nodes.
    • Latent period: time until signs/symptoms appear; prodromal period: onset of first signs/symptoms.
    • Acute phase: disease's peak intensity; remission: decrease in severity; exacerbation: sudden increase in severity.
    • Sequela: subsequent pathological condition following an illness.

    Genetic Disorders

    • Four groups of genetic disorders are normal, chromosomal abnormalities, single gene disorders, and multifactorial conditions.
    • Chromosomal abnormalities often result from aneuploidy, a deviation from the normal chromosome number.
    • Examples of aneuploidy include Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), and Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome).
    • Sex chromosome aneuploidies: Turner syndrome (XO) and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY).
    • Cri du Chat Syndrome results from a deletion in chromosome 5.
    • Marfan Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder affecting connective tissue.

    Neoplasia

    • Neoplasia refers to "new growth" of cells, categorized as malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous).
    • Tumor suffix "-oma" usually indicates benign growth, while terms like "carcinoma" indicate malignancy.
    • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.
    • Carcinogenesis involves three steps: initiation, promotion, and progression.
    • Tumor markers, like PSA for prostate cancer and CA-125 for ovarian cancer, help identify cancer origin.

    Inflammation and Immunity

    • The immune system comprises white blood cells and various inhibitors and mediators.
    • Monocytes originate from bone marrow and mature into macrophages upon migrating to tissues.
    • T cells mature in the thymus; B cells mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies.
    • Adaptive immunity consists of humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated (T cells) responses.
    • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins present antigens to T cells.

    Immune Function Alterations

    • Inappropriate immune responses can be classified into autoimmune and hypersensitivity disorders.
    • Autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males.
    • Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response, divided into four types.
    • Type I hypersensitivity triggers immediate reactions through IgE antibodies, occurring shortly after exposure.
    • Type II hypersensitivity, or tissue-specific reactions, involve IgG or IgM antibodies.
    • Persistent asthma is a form of Type IV hypersensitivity, leading to chronic inflammation.

    Summary of Immune Responses

    • Primary immune deficiencies include genetic disorders like Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
    • HIV/AIDS primarily decreases T cell counts, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections.
    • The deletion of chromosome 22 is associated with DiGeorge Syndrome.

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    Description

    Prepare for your Pathophysiology Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide covering Chapters 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10. Explore the definitions and key concepts that outline the study of abnormalities in physiological functioning. Enhance your understanding of how the body responds to various disruptions.

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